great attention on the ethnology of the Indian tribes, and took part in the settlement of the questions between Spain and Portugal. Unfortunately, the maps and voluminous memoirs which contain the result of his labours are lost. He returned to Portugal in 1793, and was charged with the care of the royal botanical gardens and museum of natural history. He died 23rd April, 1815.—F. M. W.
FERREIRA, Antonio, sometimes styled the Horace of Portugal, was born at Lisbon in 1528, of a noble family, and received his education at the university of Coimbra. Here he took the degree of doctor of civil law, but was much more interested by the lectures of Diogo de Tieve on ancient literature than in his legal studies. Very early in his literary course he formed the resolution which now constitutes his chief claim to notice, namely, to combine the classic correctness of the writers of antiquity with the natural dignity and ease of his own language. He determined not to write a single line in any other, not even in Spanish. Among his associates—the disciples and admirers of Saa de Miranda—were Cortereal and Andrade Caminha. At the age of twenty-nine he published a collection of one hundred and thirteen sonnets, the greater number of which were written before he left the university. Most of these are amatory. "In all," says Bouterwek, "the language is excellent, the sentiment noble; but . . . there is not one which exhibits a truly lyric flight of fancy; . . . the descriptive passages are usually the best." Perhaps his most successful works are his epistles or "Cartas," mostly addressed to men of rank and learning, and treating of questions respecting the improvement of the national taste. He is most happy where he touches on pastoral subjects; and where his discourse takes a sportive turn he reminds us not unpleasantly of his great model, Horace. In epigrammatic poetry he is not equally successful. We have also from his pen a tale in honour of Saint Comba (Columba), in which he has scarcely done justice to the legend. In dramatic poetry Ferreira has left us a tragedy on the national theme of Inez de Castro, the first of a long series of compositions on the same subject; and two comedies, "Bristo" and "The Jealous Man," of which the merit is considerable, both in point of language and delineation of character, though in comic power they are not equally fortunate. Ferreira died at the age of forty-one of the plague; his monument was to be seen recently in the church at Lisbon where he was buried. The last edition of his works, Lisbon, 1771, contains a biography of him.—F. M. W.
FERRER, Bartolomeo, one of the early Portuguese navigators, lived about 1543. He sailed as first pilot in an expedition fitted out in 1542 by Cabrillo, for exploring the west coast of California. The voyagers doubled Cape Todos los Santos and discovered the islands of San Salvador and La Victoria. On the death of Cabrillo, 3rd January, 1543, Ferrer took the command of the expedition and discovered four more islands, which it is now difficult to identify. He returned to La Navidad, New Spain, after nine months' absence. The scientific results of this voyage are not of great importance.—F. M. W.
FERRER, Jaime, a name borne by two persons sometimes confounded. (1) A Spanish navigator, a Catalan, who, according to an atlas recently discovered in Paris, made a voyage to the coast of Guinea in 1346, and probably discovered the Rio de Ouro. (2) A learned geographer and cosmographer (also a Catalan), who lived at the latter end of the fifteenth century, and was summoned to assist in the discussions between Spain and Portugal which arose out of the discoveries of Columbus in the western hemisphere.—F. M. W.
FERRERAS, Juan, a learned Spanish historian, born in 1652; died in 1735. He was one of the founders of the Academia de la Lingua Española, and librarian to Philip V. He wrote in all thirty-eight works, of which the most important is the "Synopsis Historica y Chronologica de España," Madrid, 1700-27, in 16 volumes, bringing the history down to the year 1588. The style is dull, but the facts are more carefully authenticated than in Mariana's work.—F. M. W.
FERRETI, Emilio, an eminent Italian jurist, was born of a noble family at Castelfranco in Tuscany in 1489. Having publicly pleaded in many important cases, he was called to the bar when only nineteen years of age, and was appointed secretary to Pope Leo X. Not satisfied with this position, Ferreti followed the marquis of Monferrato's army to the conquest of Naples in 1528; but that expedition having failed, he came to France, where he obtained the professorship of jurisprudence at Valence. His merit soon became known to Francis I., who named him councillor to the parliament. Ferreti was sent by that sovereign on many diplomatic missions to the Emperor Charles V., and the Florentine and Venetian republics. His principal works are the commentaries on Tacitus, and several treatises on jurisprudence. He died at Avignon on 5th July, 1552.—A. C. M.
FERRETI, Giovanni Battista, born at Vicenza in 1639. Having completed his classical education, he entered the Benedictine convent of Monte Cassino, and applied himself exclusively to archæological researches. We have but one work from his pen, which was published at Verona in 1672—"Musæ lapidariæ antiquorum in marmoribus carmina"—and dedicated to Louis XIV. Ferreti had accepted the distinguished post of historiographer to that monarch, when he died suddenly in the midst of the preparations for his journey to France in 1682.—A. C. M.
* FERREY, Benjamin, was born at Christchurch, Hampshire, April 1, 1810. Having displayed a marked fondness for our early English remains, he was at the age of sixteen articled to Mr. Augustus Pugin, the celebrated architectural draughtsman, and father of the still more celebrated architect, Wilby Pugin, along with whom Mr. Ferrey undertook several tours both at home and on the continent, for the purpose of making admeasurements and drawings of Gothic edifices. He also, whilst with Mr. Pugin, executed a large number of the lithographs in that gentleman's Gothic Ornaments, and other works. On leaving Pugin, Mr. Ferrey entered for a time the office of Mr. Wilkins, the architect of the National Gallery, in order to acquire a knowledge of the practical branch of architecture. But his bent had always inclined strongly towards the Gothic style, and as soon as he commenced practice on his own account, he united himself with the band of young architects then rising into notice, who devoted themselves earnestly and almost exclusively to the study and revival of the pointed Gothic. Mr. Ferrey's professional practice has lain chiefly in ecclesiastical, and wholly in Gothic architecture. He has been employed in the erection of a large number of new churches, and in the restoration of numerous old ones. But whilst all his churches are pointed Gothic, he seems to attach no superior value to the style of any particular period; his churches being some early English, others decorated, and some perpendicular. Of his new churches we may mention—St. Stephen's, Westminster, with the schools and buildings attached; St. John's, North Brixton; All Saints', Blackheath; and others at Dorking, Esher, Eton, Taunton, Morpeth, and Denshanger. Among his restorations are the fine old priory church of his native place, of which also he early in life published an account, under the title of the "Antiquities of the Priory of Christhurch;" the noble churches of Romsey abbey, Beaulieu abbey, and Publow, Somersetshire; the Lady chapel and other portions of Wells cathedral, and the episcopal palaces at Cuddesden and Wells.—J. T—e
FERRI, Ciro, a celebrated fresco painter, was born at Rome in 1634, and became the most distinguished of the scholars of Pietro da Cortona, and the chief assistant of that painter in his vast and ornamental decorations. Ferri completed his unfinished frescos in the Pitti palace at Florence. He succeeded Pietro da Cartona as the leader of the so-called school of the Machinists at Rome, a faction opposed to the more careful school of Sacchi, at the head of which was Carlo Maratta. Ferri's works are vast, effective, and careless; as the Cupola of Sant Agnese at Rome. He died in 1689. Many of his pictures are engraved.—(Baldinucci, Lanzi).—R. N. W.
FERRI, Paul. See Ferry.
FERRIAR, John, was born in Chester in 1764. He studied and took his medical degree in Edinburgh, and settled in Manchester, where he became physician to the infirmary and lunatic asylum. He was a zealous and valuable member of the Literary and Philosophic Society, in which he took a very lively interest. His writings are in a great measure professional, including many tracts published under the title of "Medical Histories and Reflections;" but he was also known in literature as a miscellaneous writer, particularly by his "Illustrations of Sterne," in which he brings much learning and research to the discussion of Sterne's obligations to older writers. He died in 1815.—J. B. J.
FERRIER, Arnaud du, born at Toulouse about 1506; died in 1585. He studied law at Padua. He represented the king of France at the council of Trent. His bearing and language there gave offence by its uncompromising boldness. He was recalled and sent ambassador to Venice. He is next
