then studied theology at the universities of Heidelberg and Berlin. At the latter place he got acquainted with Hegel's works, and their influence on his mind was such that he determined to abandon his intention of becoming a minister, and to devote himself to philosophical literature instead. He accordingly sought and obtained in 1828, an assistant-professorship at the university of Erlangen, and began teaching Hegel's philosophy. But he found few pupils, in consequence of which he removed to the house of a friend at Bruckberg, near Anspach, and marrying a lady of some fortune, has been settled there ever since. His first work—"Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeil, aus den Papieren eines Denkers," Nürnberg, 1830—was confiscated at its appearance, on account of its being antichristian, but was afterwards released. A second work—"Abäilard und Heloïse, Oder der Schriftsteller und der Mensch," Anspach, 1833—became extremely popular, and still more so his next, "Geschichte der neuern Philosophie von Bacon von Verulam bis Spinoza," ib. 1833. These were followed by "Kritiken aus dem Gebiete der Philosophie," ib. 1835; "Pierre Bayle, nach seinen für die Geschichte der Philosophie und Menschheit interressantesten Momenten dargestellt und gewürdigt," ib. 1838; and "Uber Philosophie und Christenthum in Beziehung auf den der Hegelschen Philosophie gemachten Vorvvurf der Unchristlichkeit," ib. 1839. His most important works are the following—"Das Wesen des Christenthums," Leipzig, 1841; second edition, 1843; and "Das Wesen der Religion," ib. 1845, which contain the exposition and development of Hegel's philosophy, as taught by the author. For an account of this philosophy see Hegel. A collection of Feuerbach's works appeared at Leipzig, 1846-51, in 8 vols.—F. M.
FEUERBACH, Paul Joseph Anselm, born at Jena in 1775; died in 1833. His university studies and degrees were at Frankfort and at Jena. He published, in 1798, a tract entitled "Anti-Hobbes on the rights of subjects and sovereigns relatively to each other;" and in the same year, "Researches on the Law of High Treason." These books led to his being classed with the "Rigorists," a name given to the school of jurists who regard the chief object of the punishment of crime to be that persons should be deterred from its commission. About this time Feuerbach delivered at Jena what are called private, or unauthorized courses of lectures on subjects connected with law, and in 1801 was appointed professor of jurisprudence in that university. In the next year we find him at Kiel, in the same capacity. In 1804 he gave his services to the university of Landshut. It was the day of codes and codification, and Feuerbach was invited to draw out a code of criminal law for Bavaria. This took him to Munich, where he resided for some years as a sort of police magistrate. The code of penal law adopted by the legislature of Bavaria in 1813 was altogether Feuerbach's work. He had been engaged in the administration of justice in that kingdom for several years. In 1806 he abolished the system of torture. His criminal code, drawn up for Bavaria, served as a basis of legislation for Saxe-Weimar and Wurtemberg. Feuerbach was instructed to adapt the code Napoleon to the civil legislation of Bavaria. This was commenced—circumstances interfered with its execution at the time, and the project died away. In 1817 Feuerbach was appointed second president of the court of appeal at Bamberg, and soon after president of the appeal court of Anspach. In 1821 he visited Paris, and within a year or two published a book on the criminal legislation of France, and its system of procedure. In 1832 he published one or two pamphlets on the subject of Kasper Hauser. In the next year he died at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, on a visit to the baths of Schwalbach. Besides the works we have mentioned, Feuerbach published in 1808 and 1811 two volumes of "Remarkable Criminal Cases;" this work has been abridged and translated into English by Lady Duff Gordon. Feuerbach's writings are marked by great clearness and elegance of style. His works were collected and published, with a life by his son, Ludwig; Leipzig, 1852.—J. A., D.
FEUILLET, Louis, a French botanist, was born at Mane in Provence in 1660, and died at Marseilles on the 18th of April, 1732. He passed his earlier years in a convent in the capacity of porter. There he showed a love for mathematics, and especially astronomy, and at the age of eighteen he manifested a decided tendency to these studies. In order to have leisure for study he became a monk, and entered a convent at Avignon in 1680. There he acquired reputation, and he was appointed to aid Cassini in a geographical and hydrographical voyage in the Levant. He explored the Greek islands and Archipelago, Rhodes, Crete, and the coasts of Asia Minor. He subsequently visited scientifically the sea of the Antilles. From 1703 to 1706 he was engaged in examining Martinique, Carthagena, and many places on the coast of Caraccas. On his return to France he was chosen corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, and was nominated royal mathematician. In 1708 he visited Buenos Ayres, and the southern parts of South America. He afterwards proceeded to Lima, and examined many parts of Peru. After visiting the island of Conception he returned to Marseilles in 1711. Finally he went to the Canary Islands, and determined the height of the Peak of Teneriffe. He published an account of the physical, mathematical, and botanical observations made by him on the eastern coasts of South America and in the West Indies from 1707 to 1712; also an account of the medical plants of Peru and Chili. A genus in the native order cucurbitaceæ has been named Feuillea after him.—J. H. B.
FEUILLET, Nicolas, was a zealous and eloquent preacher of the seventeenth century. He was distinguished by boldness in reproving vice, and was remarkably successful in bringing men under the dominion of religion. Among the most illustrious of his converts may be mentioned M. de Chanteau, of whose change of character Feuillet wrote an account, which was published at Paris in 1712. Feuillet died at Paris in 1693, at the age of sixty-one. It is of this preacher that Boileau says—"Et laissez à Feuillet, réformer l'univers."—J. B. J.
FEUQUIERES. See Pas.
FEURBORN, Justus, a learned German protestant divine, born at Herwerden in Westphalia in 1587; died in 1656. He was appointed court-preacher to the landgrave, and afterwards pastor and extraordinary-professor of divinity in the town of Giessen. He removed to Marpurg, and again to Giessen on the re-establishment of its university, in which he was appointed first rector and professor of divinity.—R. M., A.
* FEVAL, Paul Henri Corentin, born at Rennes in 1817, was educated for the bar, which, however, he soon deserted. He was first known in literature as the author of some vaudevilles, and of the class of novels and nouvellettes published in French newspapers. Some of the most successful have purported to be translations from the English. M. Feval has lately ventured into the more ambitious walk of history.—J A., D.
FEVARDENTIUS, F. See Feu-ardent.
FEVRE, Anne Le. See Dacier.
FEVRE, Claude le, a French painter and engraver, was born at Fontainbleau in 1633. He studied under Le Sueur and Le Brun, the latter of whom advised him to devote himself to portrait painting. Le Fevre was elected a member of the Academy of Painting in 1663, and in 1666 sent in as his reception picture a portrait of Colbert, which is considered to be one of his most successful works. Although his reputation as a portrait painter was sufficiently established for him to receive a commission to paint Louis XIV. and his queen, Le Fevre fancied there was a more promising field for the exercise of his talents in England. He came here accordingly, and, say the French authorities, "was regarded as another Vandyke." Walpole, however, is sceptical as to this statement. Already (1762), he avers, his name is entirely forgotten. Le Fevre died in London in 1675, just as he was about to return to France. Although most celebrated for his portraits, he also painted many religious pieces, especially Holy Families and Madonnas, of which twenty have been engraved. His best piece is a "Birth of Christ," painted by direction of Louis XIV. for the hermitage of Franchard, near Fontainbleau. Le Fevre engraved several of his own portraits; the best is perhaps that of De Pils.—J. T—e.
FEVRET, Charles, Seigneur de Saint Mesmin—born at Semur-en-Auxois in 1583; died at Dijon in 1661—practised as an advocate at the bar of Dijon. Louis XIII. wished to attach him to his service, but he preferred the studies and the duties of his profession. He became conseiller and agent of the prince of Condé, and of his son the great Condé. He published several works on the canon law, and on the customary law of Burgundy.—His son Pierre, born at Dijon in 1625; died in 1706; took orders. He founded the public library at Dijon, leaving to it his books and a large sum of money for its maintenance.—J. A., D.
FEVRET DE FONTETTE, Charles Marie, great-grandson of Charles Fevret, born at Dijon in 1710; died in 1772. He early became conseiller to the parliament of Burgundy. He
