which the churches and public buildings of Paris, and the chief provincial cities, have been recently adorned; among others the church of St. Germain des Prés, the chapel of St. John in the church of St. Séverin at Paris, the great frieze of St. Vincent de Paul, and the entire decorations of St. Paul de Nîmes. During the latter years of his life, he chiefly painted portraits, in which he was admitted to excel most of his contemporaries. He also executed a few lithographs. M. Flandrin was one of the ablest designers and best colourists of the school of Ingres; but though a faithful adherent to the traditions of his master, he was possessed of great original power, and was in all respects a highly accomplished artist. Having obtained all the lesser distinctions of his profession, M. Flandrin was in 1855 awarded a medal of the first class. In 1853 he was elected a member of the Institute; and the same year he was created an officer of the legion of honour. He died on the 21st of March, 1864.—Auguste, elder brother of Hippolyte—born at Lyons in 1804; died in 1844—was also a painter of considerable ability; he practised in his native city, and was regarded as the chief of the Lyonnaise school—A younger brother, * Jean Paul, born in 1811, a pupil of M. Ingres and Desgoffe, holds a foremost rank among the living landscape painters of France. He received a medal of the first class in 1855.—J. T—e.
FLANGINI, Count Luigi, born at Venice in 1737, a distinguished prelate and litterateur, who mixed largely in the social movements of his time. He occupied on many occasions most important places in the magistracy of his country; and in 1776 he was raised to the cardinalate by Clement XIV. In 1801 Francis of Austria appointed him patriarch of Venice, and appointed him a count of the holy empire. He is the author of comments and annotations to the rhymes of Bernardo Capello, and has translated into good Italian Socrates' Apology by Plato. He died in his native city on the 24th February, 1804.—A. C. M.
FLATMAN, Thomas, an English writer of some reputation in his own time, was born in London about the year 1633, and was educated at New college, Oxford, whence he removed to the Inner Temple, and was in due time called to the bar. He does not seem to have followed the law as a profession, but divided his time and energies between painting and literature, in both of which he attained considerable eminence. In 1682 he published a collection of poems, several of which had been before printed separately; and it is said the duke of Ormonde was so much pleased with the first piece in the volume—an elegy on his son, the earl of Ossory—that on reading it he presented the author with a diamond ring worth one hundred pounds. Flatman published in 1685 an ode on the death of Prince Rupert, and one on the death of Charles II. Besides these there are various other works of which he was the reputed author, the most curious of which is a satire in prose on the times of the Commonwealth, entitled "Don Juan Lamberto, or a Comical History of the late times."—J. B. J.
FLATT, Johann Friedrich, a distinguished German divine, was born at Tübingen in 1759, became professor of theology and philosophy at the university of the same place, and died there in 1821. He wrote numerous theological works, the principal of which are—"De Theismo Thaletis Mil. abjudicando," Tübingen, 1785; "Versuche theologisch-kritisch-philosophischen Inhalts," Leipsic, 1785; "Beiträge zur Bestimmung der Kausalität," ib. 1788; and "Briefe über die moralischen Erkenntnissgründe der Religion," Tübingen, 1789. After his death the following works and others were published from his MSS.—"Vorlesungen über christliche moral," edited by J. C. F. Steudel, Tübingen, 1823; "Opuscula academica," edited by C. F. Süsskind, ib. 1826; "Vor-lesungen über den Brief an die Römer," edited by C. D. F. Hoffmann, ib. 1826; "Briefe an die Galater und die Epheser," edited by Ch. Fr. Kling, ib. 1828; "Allgemeine Einleitung über die Paulinischen Briefe," by the same, ib. 1831.—F. M.
FLAUGERGUES, Pierre François, a French statesman, was born in 1759, and died in 1836. He was by profession an advocate, but was drawn by the excitement of the Revolution into a political career. He escaped the dangers of the Reign of Terror, and became one of Napoleon's legislators. He was, however, more courageous than his fellows, and sometimes deeply troubled the emperor by his opposition to the imperial politics. He played an important part after the fall of the empire. Being appointed, along with some others, to negotiate an armistice with the allied generals, he boldly asserted that France ought not to be compelled to subject herself again to the yoke of the Bourbons, but that she should have liberty to choose what kind of government she pleased. He was not neglected after the second restoration.—R. M., A.
FLAVEL, John, a nonconformist minister, was a native of Worcestershire, and was born in 1627, probably at Bromsgrove, of which place his father was minister. He received his education at University college, Oxford. Having taken his degree of B.A. He was ordained in the year 1650. He was first engaged as assistant to Mr. Walplate at Deptford, and on the death of that minister he was appointed to succeed him as rector of the parish. Here he showed his disinterestedness by refusing to enforce the collection of tithes from his parishioners; and he gave a further proof of the same, by shortly after vacating his rectory, in order to obey an unanimous call from the people at Dartmouth to be their minister, though this was a smaller benefice than the one he had left. At Dartmouth his labours were abundant and successful, but they were first interrupted by the act of uniformity, which compelled him to leave his charge; and ultimately terminated by the five-mile act, which drove him from Dartmouth. He retired to Slopton, about five miles distant, where he continued to labour with much acceptance, many of his former parishioners stealing out to listen to his discourses, which were delivered at midnight at the house of Hudscott, a seat belonging to the Rolles, whose guest he was. Occasionally he preached also on the Sunday, and even sometimes ventured to visit some of his flock at Dartmouth. On one occasion when preaching in a wood near Exeter, he was discovered by his enemies, and with difficulty escaped. When Charles' first indulgence was granted, he availed himself of it to return to Dartmouth, and so long as it lasted he preached openly to his attached flock. On the renewal of persecution, feeling himself in danger, he betook himself to London, where he could be more easily hid than in the country. Here he preached secretly in several places, but in constant peril of falling into the hands of the persecutor. On the relaxation of the penal laws against dissenters by James, he hastened back to Dartmouth, though earnestly invited to remain in London by more than one congregation. A large place of worship having been built for him by his people, he spent the rest of his life as a nonconformist minister at Dartmouth, amidst abundant labours, and with a large measure of public esteem and success. He died somewhat suddenly on the 26th of June, 1691, of a paralytic attack which seized him at Exeter, whither he had gone to act as moderator of an assembly convened with a view to effecting a union between the presbyterians and the independents, an end on which his heart was much set. He was buried in Dartmouth church, and there is a brass plate with a Latin inscription to his memory in the dissenting meetinghouse of that town, whither it was removed after it had, with miserable bigotry and party spirit, been torn down from the walls of the parish church. Mr. Flavel left behind him a memory which is still fragrant, and many works of experimental and practical theology, which still form part of the cherished heritage of the evangelical church. The most important of them are—"Pneumatologia: a treatise on the Soul of Man;" "The Fountain of Life," in forty-two sermons; "A Token for Mourners;" "Husbandry spiritualized;" "Navigation spiritualized;" "On Providence;" "On Keeping the Heart," &c. His works have been collected in two volumes, folio, and in eight volumes, octavo, with a life prefixed.—W. L. A.
FLAVIAN I., Patriarch of Antioch, was born about the year 320. He was of a wealthy and honourable family in that city, and was carefully educated by his parents in the catholic faith. From his early years he was penetrated with the self-denying spirit of religion, and led the life of an ascetic in continual prayer. While Leontius, the Arian bishop, presided over the see of Antioch, Flavian, then a young man and a layman, aided by his friend Diodorus, afterwards bishop of Tarsus, laboured earnestly to prevent the faith of his countrymen from being corrupted. The two friends used to assemble large open-air congregations at the tombs of the martyrs outside the city, and engage in the exercises of singing and public prayer. Flavian is said to have introduced at these meetings the practice of double or antiphonal psalmody, and to have first caused the doxology to be chanted in its present form—a practice which soon after spread over both East and West. St. Meletius, who
