1575 an edition of the Bucolics of Virgil, with notes, and in 1589 an edition of the Bucolics and Georgics, with notes. He published in 1585 a revised, corrected, and enlarged edition of Holinshed's Chronicle, to which he appended a copious index, in the compilation of which he was assisted by his brother Samuel. In 1576 appeared his translation of Ælian's Various History; "Certain Select Epistles of Cicero in English," 4to, and "Panoplie of Epistles from Tully, Isocrates, Pliny, and others," 4to. His translation of "Synesius' Panegyric on Baldness," 12mo, to which is appended his "Fable of Hermes," appeared in 1579. The following are some of his original works—"A Memorial of the Charitable Almes Deedes of William Lambe, gentleman of the chapel under Henry VIII., and citizen of London," 8vo, 1580; "The Diamant of Devotion," 12mo, 1586; and "The Condyt of Comfort."—W. A. B.
* FLEMING, Charles, an accomplished philologist; born at Perth in 1806; studied at Edinburgh, and after gaining some experience as a teacher in his native town, went to Paris in 1826, and became professor of English at the college of Louis le Grand, and afterwards at the ecole polytechnique. He has published an "English and French, and French and English Dictionary," Paris, 1839-40, which is highly esteemed in France; a work entitled "Difficultés de la langue anglaise;" and a translation of Shakspeare's Coriolanus.—J. S., G.
FLEMING, John, D.D, an eminent naturalist, was born at Bathgate in 1785. He studied at Edinburgh with the view of devoting himself to the clerical profession. Endowed with an active mind, he did not confine himself to literature and theology; the discussions respecting the Huttonian theory and the recent discoveries which had changed the aspect of chemical science, turned a portion of his time to geology and zoology. After completing his education he was ordained minister of Bressay in Zetland in 1807. No place could be more favourable for the study of marine animals, on which, accordingly, he wrote some valuable papers. In 1810 he removed to the parish of Flisk in Fifeshire, and in 1828 he was appointed professor of natural philosophy in Aberdeen. Having joined the great secession of 1841, he resigned his appointment in Aberdeen, and became professor of natural history in the Free Church college at Edinburgh, where he died in 1857. When we consider the moderate resources of a country clergyman, and that his residence was remote from libraries and museums, we are surprised at the amount and value of Dr. Fleming's labours. In his numerous memoirs he has greatly contributed to our knowledge of the zoology and geology of Scotland. We can, however, only afford to notice some of his more important works. In 1823 he published his "Philosophy of Zoology," in a literary point of view the best of his works, and which acquired a European publicity by means of translations. In a science at once so extensive and so progressive as zoology, even the best general works have only a temporary value. Fleming's treatise, however, besides its other merits, contained so many new facts, and what is more remarkable, so much original and independent thought, that it is still to be regarded as a valuable work. His "British Animals" appeared in 1828—a work of great labour, and at the time the only manual to which the student could have recourse, although now superseded by more recent publications. Notwithstanding some deficiencies inevitable in the case of an author with so limited a command of books, it is distinguished from many works of the kind by thorough practical knowledge and many original observations. The circumstance which brought Dr. Fleming most prominently before the public was the diluvian controversy. At that period the hypothesis of Cuvier of a deluge, or rather immense torrent, which had swept over the surface of the globe, transported rocks, and destroyed terrestrial animals, was almost universally received, and in England was identified with the Noachian deluge. It required considerable courage on the part of Dr. Fleming to controvert a theory supported by such imposing authorities. After an animated controversy, in which the arguments and facts of Dr. Fleming remained unshaken, the diluvian theory was abandoned by all. It is pleasant to record that, notwithstanding some acrimony which escaped during the discussion, his opponents, one after another, admitted that they had been in error, and continued on terms of friendship with Dr. Fleming. In addition to his scientific merits, Dr. Fleming was a zealous parish minister, and equally distinguished for his piety and manly independence of character.—J. S.
FLEMING, Patrick, an Irish writer, whose baptismal name of Christopher was relinquished for that of Patrick, when he became a monk of the order of St. Francis, was born in the county of Louth in Ireland, April 17, 1599. While yet a youth of thirteen years of age his mother's brother, Christopher Cusack, who was principal of the college at Douay, took charge of his education. After remaining there for some time he went to Louvain and entered the college of St. Anthony, where he took orders as a Franciscan in 1617. Fleming subsequently went to Rome, and entered the college of St. Isidore in that city. In the meantime he had become acquainted with the celebrated Hugh Ward, who induced him to take a part in preparing the biographies of the Irish saints. Fleming was appointed lecturer of philosophy in the Irish college of St. Isidore, and filled the same chair afterwards at Louvain. From this last he went to Prague, where he was appointed lecturer in divinity. In this office he continued till the siege of the city by the elector of Saxony in 1631, when he was unfortunately murdered. Fleming was a good scholar, a diligent collector, and has given valuable contributions to Irish hagiology. His principal work is "Collectanea Sacra, or Lives of the Irish and Scotch Saints." In addition to this and other writings he supplied Ward with materials for his Lives of the Irish Saints.—J. F. W.
FLEMING, Robert, a Scottish presbyterian divine, was born at Yester in Haddingtonshire in 1630. His father, then minister of that parish, had married a daughter of John Knox; but Robert was the fruit of a second marriage. He studied at Edinburgh and St. Andrews, was ordained at Cambuslang in 1652, and continued to minister in that parochial charge till the Glasgow act of ejectment, ten years later, compelled him to leave it. After fifteen years of the unsettled and precarious condition into which he and his family were thus cast, he accepted an invitation to become the pastor of the Scots church at Rotterdam; and he discharged the duties of the gospel ministry there with much fidelity and acceptance till his death in 1694. He wrote various theological treatises—"The Confirming Work of Religion;" "The Certainty of the Protestant Faith," &c.; but his principal work was "The Fulfilling of Scripture," which has been frequently republished.—W. B.
FLEMING, Robert, son of the preceding, adopted the profession of his father, whom he accompanied to the continent. Having completed his studies at Leyden and Utrecht, he was for some time the pastor of a church in the former city, and on the death of his father succeeded him at Rotterdam. Subsequently invited to London, he became the minister of the presbyterian congregation worshipping in Lothbury, and was elected by the Merchants' Company to preach at the Tuesday evening lectures in Salter's hall. His learning, piety, and moderation procured for him the friendship of the archbishop of Canterbury and other prominent persons at the court of William III.; the secretary of state for Scotland offered him the principalship of Glasgow university; and the king himself, confiding in his judgment and integrity, frequently consulted him privately on measures connected with Scottish interests. Several works were published by him—"The History of Hereditary Right;" "The Divine Government of the Nations;" "The Divine Right of the Revolution;" "The Mirror of Divine Love;" "Christology, or a discourse concerning Christ;" and others, of which the best known is his "Discourse on the Rise and Fall of the Papacy," which was given to the world in 1701. It contains an exposition of the apocalyptic vials, in the course of which he calculated on approaching dangers to the Romish supremacy and the French throne, remarkably coincident with the events of the Revolution. He died in 1716.—W. B.
FLEMING, Thomas, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Dublin, was born of a high family in 1593, and having, from the age of twenty-three, discharged with credit at the university of Louvain the duties of professor of theology, he was, in October, 1623, deputed by Urban VIII. to the ecclesiastical government of Dublin. For several years his acts were of a purely sacerdotal character. In July, 1640, he presided at a provincial council in the county of Kildare; but the crisis of political affairs which shortly succeeded drew the bishop into the midst of its excitement, and we find him, accordingly, participating in person at the council board of the confederate catholics of Kilkenny. On 20th June, 1641, Archbishop Fleming, and his brother of Tuam, were the only prelates who signed the commission authorizing Lord Gormanston, Sir Lucas Dillon, Talbot, and
