temperate life, and is said to have done great good in reforming the drinking habits of the Lichfield people. While at Lichfield, Dr. Johnson formed the centre of one circle of society, and Dr. Darwin of another, entirely distinct in sympathies, politics, and creed. Having lost his first wife, Darwin remarried and removed to Derby, where he died 18th April, 1802, in the seventieth year of his age. In addition to the works already mentioned. Dr. Darwin wrote a treatise on female education, London, 1797; and a poem entitled "The Temple of Nature," was published after his death.—L. L., P.
DASCHKOF, Catharina Romanofna, a Russian princess, was born in 1744; died in 1810. Her father, Roman Voronkof, a member of the Russian senate, was a man of great simplicity of character, a great mathematician, and a profound though self-taught philosopher. His daughter, Catharina Romanofna, was educated at the university of Moscow as a mathematician, and stood far above all her contemporaries as a student of the sciences connected with the "philosophia Archimediana." But she also cultivated most successfully all the branches of intellectual philosophy, and was eminent for her extensive power of subtle reasoning. She married young Prince Daschkof, one of the first of the nobility of Russia, who thus describes, in his private memoirs, his first sight of his "bewitching muse." "At nine o'clock Romanofna, with a fine, open, and candid countenance and lively manner, came forward to explain her course on the practice of magnetical and meteorological observations. She particularly recommended Hamilton—De Sectionibus Conicis; and Memo—della Sostanza et forma del Mondo; and said they could not be too often read. She reprobated very strongly the violent disputes astronomical professors have always had with each other about trifles; saying, that wherever there could be a dispute, it might be considered as an axiom that the point would be of no importance. Catharina soon became a great favourite of the grand duchess Catherine. She took an active part in the conspiracy against Peter III. She prepared the elopement of the grand duchess at Petershoff. She attended on horseback at the side of the duchess, gaily dressed up in the regimentals of a hussar. The escort proceeded rapidly to the barracks of the imperial guard, by the northern skirts of the town, without encountering any material opposition. The grand duchess addressed the troops, and ordered the cavalry to march against her imperial husband. The honour of the grand cordon of the order St. Catherine was conferred upon her by the empress in 1770. In 1782 she was appointed by a special ukase directeur (sic) of the Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, and president (sic) of the New Russian Academy in 1784. There is some tradition that she contributed to the Dictionary of the Russian Academy, and she took a not less important position in the literary world by her remarkable comedy entitled "Toïssiokoff;" and the drama, "The Marriage of Fabian." The tale about her handsome, wealthy, and brave paramour, Panin, teacher of the Grand-duke Paul, must be considered as a mere fiction. Princess Daschkoff had a higher opinion of Voltaire than that ironical philosopher had of the authoress of "The Marriage of Fabian" and "Toïssiokoff." In one of his letters to Catherine II., Voltaire writes—"She spoke to me of your majesty for five hours at once, and I thought she had only been speaking five minutes." Princess Daschkoff's original Memoirs having met with little success when first published (public attention being at the time engrossed with Voltaire's History of Russia), only a small number of copies were sold. But the value of Princess Daschkoff's work as a repertory of curious and interesting information having in recent times been proved, the translation into English by Mrs. Beaufort, 2 vols., London, 1810, has in consequence become popular.—Ch. T.
DATAMES, a distinguished Persian general who lived in the fourth century b.c. He was a Carian by birth. His father Camissares was governor of Cilicia under Artaxerxes II., and fell in battle against the Cadusians. Datames, who had greatly distinguished himself in that expedition, succeeded him in his office. He rendered himself conspicuous both for his great military talents and his fidelity to the Persian king, and subdued the satraps of Paphlagonia and Catalonia, who had revolted against Artaxerxes. He subsequently obtained the command of the troops sent against certain Egyptian insurgents. But the machinations of his enemies at the Persian court rendered it perilous for him to return home. He was thus compelled in self-defence to throw off his allegiance to the king, and to make common cause with the other satraps who had revolted from Persia. He defeated the generals who were successively sent against him, but was at last treacherously assassinated, 362 b.c., by Mithridates, son of Ariobarzanes, who, for the purpose of gaining his confidence, pretended to revolt from the Persian king. Cornelius Nepos, who has written a life of Datames, says he was the bravest and ablest of all barbarian generals, except. Hamilcar and Hannibal—J. T.
DATHE, Johann August, a German theologian and Hebraist, was born at Weissenfels in 1731. He completed his studies at Leipzig under Ernesti, his brother-in-law, and was appointed in 1762 professor of Hebrew in the university there. His chief enterprise was a Latin translation of the Old Testament, the publication of which extended from 1773 to 1789. The notes which accompanied it were of a comparatively popular description, and their tone was not heterodox. He died in 1791, and bequeathed his extensive library to the university of Leipzig His opuscula were collected by L. P. K. Rosenmüller, and published in 1796. Among his minor writings may be mentioned an introduction to our own Bryan Walton's Prolegomena to the celebrated Polyglott.—F. E.
DATHENUS, Pieter, a Dutch translator of the Psalms, was a native of Ypres, and died in 1590. Originally a monk, he afterwards embraced the reformed religion, and led a wandering and changeful life as pastor and physician, closing it in the latter capacity at Elbing. He is chiefly remembered as the author of the Dutch translation of the Psalms, which was accepted as the authorized version by the Dutch church, and kept its ground until 1773. Like some other early versions, that of Dathenus contained many passages easily susceptible of ridicule. A collection of them was published at Utrecht in 1758, with the title of "Datheniana;" and this perhaps hastened the deposition of his old-established translation.—F. E.
DATI, Agostino, was born in Siena in 1420, and was distinguished for his erudition, being not only a good Greek, Latin, and Hebrew scholar, but well versed in theology, philosophy, and oratory. He was appointed to the chair of belles-lettres at Urbino in 1442, which post he held till the death of the duke two years after, when he returned to his native city, notwithstanding an invitation from Nicholas V. to settle in Rome. He wrote a history of Siena from 1186 to 1388, and some other works of no great estimation. It is remarkable that though in early youth he was afflicted with stammering, he totally overcame the defect by the same means as Demosthenes adopted, and was ultimately a successful orator. He occupied a high civil position in his native city, and conducted some negotiations of importance with Pius II. He died of the plague in Siena, April 6, 1478.—J. F. W.
DATI, Carlo, was born in Florence on the 2nd October, 1619. He was a disciple of Galileo and was a diligent student in philology; became a member of the famous Academy of La Crusca, and filled the chair of Greek and Latin literature. Dati devoted himself with great zeal to the cultivation of his native tongue, and made a collection of Florentine prose with that view. He also undertook with Redi to investigate the origin and etymology of the Italian language by a new edition of the Vocabolario della Crusca. His most celebrated work is the lives of the ancient painters, "Vite dé Pittori Antichi," in which he has collected all that is known of the Greek and Latin artists. His reputation was such that all foreigners who came to Florence visited him; amongst others, Milton made his acquaintance, and corresponded with him. He died at Florence on the 11th January, 1676.—J. F. W.
DAUBENTON, Louis Jean Marie, a celebrated naturalist, and zootomist, born at Montbard in Burgundy on the 29th May, 1716. He was originally intended for the church, but the death of his father in 1736 left him at liberty to choose his own profession, and he became an enthusiastic anatomist. He took his degree at Rheims, and afterwards returned to Montbard, intending to practise his profession. Here he became associated with the celebrated Buffon, whose feebleness of sight rendered the co-operation and assistance of a skilful anatomist, such as Daubenton, particularly valuable to him. In 1742 the comte de Buffon induced him to take up his abode in Paris; and in 1745 the office of curator and demonstrator of the cabinet of natural history was conferred on him. For many years he worked in harmony with Buffon, and the first fifteen volumes of this great naturalist's work are enriched by his valuable labours. Latterly,
