and, in defiance of justice, was detained as prisoner of war during the long term of six years and a half. The interference of the home authorities had meanwhile been zealously employed in his behalf, and an order for his release had been procured from the French government as early as 1806; but the illiberality of the French governor, De Caen, delayed his departure from the island until 1810. During the greater part of the time he had been at large upon parole. The lengthened captivity of Flinders in the Mauritius is a subject which has been warmly canvassed, and with the expression of just resentment at the conduct of the French governor. Even a French writer allows that, whatever extenuation of the conduct of the local authorities may be found in the peculiar circumstances of the time (complicated, perhaps, by the somewhat lofty bearing which Flinders assumed in his first intercourse with De Caen), his prolonged detention is altogether inexcusable. It was, indeed, unworthy of a civilized nation. The career of Flinders, whose constitution had been shaken by his long captivity and by the enforced inaction, so trying to the spirits, which it involved, rapidly approached its close. His few remaining years, after his arrival in England in 1810, were employed in preparing for publication a detailed account of his surveys, accompanied by the valuable charts which were their result. He died on July 19th, 1814, a few days after he had corrected the last sheets of his work (published under the title of "A Voyage to Terra Australis, prosecuted in the years 1801-2-3, in H.M. Ship Investigator" &c.), and upon the very day on which it was issued to the world. The merits of Flinders as a navigator and surveyor are of the very highest order. No individual has contributed so largely to our knowledge of the coasts of the great southern continent, and to a due appreciation of the varied capabilities of its shores. His memory should be dear to Australian colonists, down to the latest generation.—W. H.
FLINDT, Carl Ludwig Heinrich, a Danish general of cavalry, born near Altona, 28th May, 1792, received his commission in 1808, and took part in the attack on Stralsund under General Ewald; also in the campaign of 1813. He distinguished himself at Gadebusch and Turow, and afterwards was taken prisoner at Neumünster by a troop of Cossacks. The following year he was released, and served under the crown-prince of Sweden, afterwards Carl Johan. After the peace of Paris he returned to Denmark, and in 1815 served with a Danish auxiliary corps in France, under Prince Frederick of Hesse. He was present with his regiment at the outbreak in Holstein in 1848, when he was taken prisoner, but soon after released. In 1849 he was made commander of a brigade, and served variously whilst the war lasted, being appointed major-general and inspector of cavalry. Shortly before the opening of the campaign of 1850, he took command of the cavalry, and died in Schleswig, 3d March, 1856.—M. H.
FLINK, Govert, a clever Dutch portrait painter, born at Cleves in 1616, was the pupil first of Lambert Jakobzen of Leeuwarden, and studied afterwards with Rembrandt in Amsterdam. He was for some time an imitator of Rembrandt, but his early education did not render him incapable of appreciating the merits of the gorgeous school of colouring established at Antwerp by Rubens, in which the Italian element prevailed over the Flemish. From a follower of Rembrandt, Flink became an imitator of Vandyck, and some of his portrait heads are worthy of that great master. He was not merely a portrait painter; the council hall at Amsterdam contains a fine work by Flink, "Solomon Praying for Wisdom." He was a man of taste, and formed a fine collection of prints and Italian drawings, which after his death, in 1660, sold for twelve thousand florins.—(Houbraken, Groote Schouburg, &c.)—R. N. W.
FLINS DES OLIVIERS, Claude-Marie-Louis-Emmanuel-Carbon de, born at Reims in 1757; died at Vervins in 1806; wrote verses and pieces for the theatre. The names at the head of our article accumulated during many years. He was first known as M. Carbon. Lebrun's epigram is as likely to be remembered as any of his hero's verses—
" Carbon des Flins des Oliviers
A plus des noms que lauriers."
FLINT, Timothy, an American clergyman and author, was born in July, 1780, at North Reading in Massachusetts. He studied at Harvard university, and in 1802 became pastor of a congregational church at Lunenburg, Massachusetts. After having occupied this position for twelve years, he resigned it in consequence of political differences with some of the people of his charge. In 1815, under the auspices of a missionary society, he pushed his way west through Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Arkansas, preaching as he went; but again he was obliged to resign his employment, this time on account of failing health. He next engaged in farming, with the profits of which, and of keeping a school, he contrived to struggle on for three or four years; when, worn out by disease and in great poverty, he dragged himself back to his native place, as he believed to die. But contrary to all expectation his health began to improve, and the spirit of the man kindled again. He now started as author. His first work was published at Boston in 1826, being entitled "Recollections of Ten Years' Residence and Travels in the valley of the Mississippi." It was well received not only in America, but in Europe also; it was reprinted in London, and translated into French, together with the second part, "The Geography of the Mississippi Valley," which still keeps its place among the best descriptions of that magnificent region of the New World. Having adopted literature as a profession, Mr. Flint produced a novel, "Francis Berrian, or the Mexican Patriot," an autobiography, which was speedily followed by "Arthur Clenning," the scene of which is laid in Australia and Illinois; "George Mason, or the Backwoodsman;" and "The Shoshonee Valley." Although highly meritorious in point of style, and not without attractions in the story, these fictions were not very successful, and the author recalling an early fondness he had had for scientific pursuits, began to lecture on natural history, geology, chemistry, &c., and published his lectures at Boston in 1832. In 1833 we find him editing the Knickerbocker Magazine, and afterwards the Western Monthly Magazine, besides contributing largely to other periodicals, and writing a "Life of Daniel Boone, the Backwoodsman;" and a "History of the Indian Wars of the West," &c. His life is a noble instance, not of patient energy and perseverance crowned with success, but of many heroic qualities battling to the end with perpetual difficulties, over which his undaunted spirit continually rose triumphant. He died, utterly worn out, in his native place on the 11th August, 1840.—J. B. J.
FLINTBERG, Jakob Albrekt, Swedish councillor of commerce, born in 1750. He was the author of various juridical works—"Apothekares Badares oeh Chirurgers Förmoner oeh Skyldigheter;" "Borgerlige Förmoner oeh Skyldigheter;" "Bruksidkares, Städers, Borgerskaps ömse Förmoner oeh Skyldigheter;" Lagfarenhets-Bibliothek;" "Amnärkingar till Svea Rikes Sjölag." He died 19th March, 1804.—M. H.
FLIPART, Jean Jacques, an eminent line-engraver, born at Paris in 1723, was the son of Jean Charles Flipart, also an engraver of some celebrity in his day, from whom the younger Flipart learned the principles of his art. The best of Jacques Flipart's engravings are those he executed from the pictures of Greuze—whose manner he rendered very happily—and from those of Vernet. A "Holy Family" after Giulio Romano is, however, considered one of his most successful plates. He made great use of the etching needle, finishing with the burin. A pretty full list of his plates will be found in Nagler. He died July 9, 1782—J. T—e.
* FLOCON, Ferdinand, a French politician and journalist, born at Paris about the year 1800. At an early age he was employed as a reporter on the Courrier Français, and subsequently, in connection with other leading journals, acquired considerable celebrity as a writer. In 1845 he became editor of the Reforme, a journal which hailed with fervour the symptoms of approaching revolution. When the provincial government was constituted in February, 1848, Flocon was appointed secretary, and afterwards minister of commerce. He showed in this latter position considerable talent and energy. In the constituent assembly, to which he was elected, he voted with the Mountain. He was expatriated in 1857.—J. S., G.
FLODOARD or FRODOART, born at Epernay in 894; died in 966; educated at Reims, where he held some benefices. Some disappointment led him to retire to a monastery near Reims. He was once or twice thought of for a bishopric, but the arrangements for this purpose failed. He wrote a "History of the Church of Reims" and a "Chronicle," the parts of which that relate to the periods after 919 are often referred to. Flodoard also wrote verses. When disappointed of a bishopric, he was consoled by his friend Adelgage, bishop of Bremen, by a
