Dictionary of the English and German languages, he published some scholastic works on the English language, such as a grammar, a complete phraseology, and a series of commercial letters.—K. E.
FOA, Eugenie, born at Bordeaux towards the close of the eighteenth century; died at Paris in 1853. She was the daughter of Rodrigues Gradis; the family were Spanish Jews. She commenced writing for her support; she succeeded, and found delight in her occupation. Her works are chiefly stories for children and young persons. She published some novels under the name of Maria Fitzclarence. Towards the close of life she was blind, but is described as singularly cheerful.—J. A., D.
FODÉRÉ, François-Emmanuel, an eminent physician, was born at Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in Savoy in 1764, and died in 1835. While a student of medicine at Turin, he made himself famous by a work on cretinism, which procured him a pension from Victor Amadeus II., king of Sardinia. He then set out on his travels, during which he visited the principal medical schools of Europe. When Savoy was annexed to France in 1792, Fodéré was attached to the army of Italy. Soon afterwards he became related, through his marriage, to Joseph Bonaparte and Bernadotte; but, being void of worldly ambition, he quietly pursued his favourite studies, and let the great world wag as it would. In 1812 he obtained the chair of medical jurisprudence at Strasburg, which he occupied till his death. In his latter years he was afflicted with blindness, but his cheerfulness remained unimpaired, and it is said that he dictated some pages the day he died. He was a voluminous writer, and contributed much to the revival of the study of medical jurisprudence, his treatise on which subject, published in 1813, at once superseded all former works of the same kind.—R. M., A.
FOE. See De Foe, Daniel.
FOEDOR. See Feodor.
FOERSOM, Peter Thun, a Danish poet and actor, born 20th February, 1777, at Österlinnet, in the Ribe diocese, where his father was pastor. He became a student in 1793, but soon left the university and entered the service of a bookseller, from which time he devoted himself most zealously to the study of the English language. The following year he became a private tutor and a teacher of English, which he continued to be till 1799, when he entered the theatre royal as an actor. He was zealous in his profession, and found his best range of characters in the heroic and historical drama. Shortly before his death he established the fund of the theatre royal for the benefit of widows and orphans of actors, his own widow being the first who derived benefit from it. He devoted all his leisure time to the study of his favourite English, and has left behind him excellent translations of Shakspeare and the poet Thomson. His own poems are lyrical, and possess considerable beauty and tenderness; they were published after his death, together with his biography. He died 24th January, 1817.—M. H.
FOERSTER. See Förster.
FOESIUS or FOËS, Anutius, a celebrated French physician and scholar, was born at Metz in 1528, and died in 1595. He was sent, when twelve years of age, to pursue his studies at Paris, where he obtained a great reputation for his proficiency in the Greek tongue, and also devoted himself to the study of medicine. His professors, Houiller and Goupil, procured him books and manuscripts, in particular three ancient manuscripts of Hippocrates, an author on whose works he afterwards bestowed much labour. Foesius subsequently returned to his native town, where, in spite of tempting offers from foreign princes, he continued to practise medicine till the time of his death. It was he who, in a great measure, brought Arabism into discredit—that absurd mixture of the doctrines of Galen with those of the Arabian physicians. Foesius in 1560 published a Latin version, with commentaries, of the second book of Hippocrates on Epidemics. This was followed in 1588 by "Œconomia Hippocratis, alphabeti serie distincta," &c.; and in 1595 he gave to the world a complete edition of his favourite author, "Magni Hippocratis, medicorum omnium facile principis, opera omnia quæ exstant," &c. This is still the best edition of Hippocrates, and a most valuable work.—R. M., A.
FOGELBERG, Bengt Erland, a celebrated Swedish sculptor, born in 1787 at Göteborg. He was perfected in his art by Sergel of Stockholm, and in 1820 went to Italy. He gained his first reputation by his statue of "Odin." Amongst his works are "Thor and Balder," "Mercury," "Apollo," and his statue of Carl Johan, which was inaugurated at Stockholm, during a visit which he paid to his native land in 1855. He died the same year at Trieste, on his return to Italy.—M. H.
FOGGIA, Francesco, a musician, was born in or near Rome in 1604, and died in that city in 1688. He was successively the pupil of Antonio Cifra, Bernardino Nanino, and Paolo Agostini; and he married the daughter of the last. So much did he profit by the teaching of these famous contrapuntists, that while still young he was appointed kapell-meister to Ferdinand Maximilian, electoral prince of Cologne; he passed, in the same capacity, from the service of this potentate to that of the court of Bavaria; and he was then engaged by the Archduke Leopold in the same office. He returned to Italy, and became maestro di capella, first of the cathedral at Narni, then at that of Monte Fiasconi; and he was appointed to the same office successively in the churches of Sta. Maria di Aquiro, Sta. Maria di Trastavere, and St. Giovanni di Laterano at Rome, and retained this last appointment from 1636 till 1661. He was invited in 1646 to the mastership of the church of Sta. Maria Maggiore, which he declined, and the post was given to Orazio Benevoli. He went from the church of St. Giovanni to that of St. Lorenzo in Damaso, where he presided over the music till 1677, when, on the death of Abbatini, he accepted the office he had before refused at Sta. Maria Maggiore, which he held till his death, and in which he was succeeded by his son Antonio. The researches of Baini in the pontifical library, have brought to light abundant evidence of the immense fecundity, and the exalted merit of this composer, in works of which even the existence was unknown to previous historians, and which amply justify the high esteem in which he was held in his own time, as expressed in the eulogistic opinions of contemporary writers. Besides the very large number of ecclesiastical works in the pope's library, Baini states that there is scarcely a church in all Italy, which possesses not some specimen of the genius and learning of this eminent man. His influence on his art was not lost in the forgetfulness into which his compositions fell. He was the first in Italy who wrote the tonal fugue, in which the answer appears in the key of the dominant—as distinguished from the real fugue, the only one previously known there, in which the answer appears in the same key as the subject; and the example of his admirable style had a still more beneficial effect on the composers of the severe Roman school, than the introduction of this important innovation.—G. A. M.
FOGGINI, Pietro Francesco, born at Florence in 1713. Although destined by his father, an eminent sculptor and architect, to the study of the fine arts, his vocation for the church induced him to enter the seminary of Florence, in which he was intrusted with the care of the library. This circumstance developed in him a decided taste for literature, to which he devoted the whole of his life. Having taken out his degree in theology in 1737, in the following year Foggini published some historical and polemical treatises against the Gallican church, and many other dissertations of an ascetic nature. We owe to Foggini the discovery in the Medicean library at Florence of the manuscript of Virgil—P. Virgilii Maronis codex antiquissimus, a Rufio Turcio Aproniano distinctus et emendatus—a discovery that enhanced his reputation as a scholar, and many academies claimed the honour of placing his name on their rolls. Invited by Bottari to fix his residence at Rome, Foggini repaired thither, and was elected soon after by Benedict XIV. one of the papal historiographers. Nevertheless, instead of writing the history of the popedom, Foggini chose to make literary researches in the library of the Vatican, and published many unedited works. In 1771 he succeeded Bottari in the office of chief librarian to the Vatican—a post his great age prevented him from filling with efficiency. He died at Rome on the 31st May, 1783.—A. C. M.
FOGLIETTA, Uberto, born at Genoa of a noble family in 1518. Having completed his studies, he travelled through Italy, and whilst at Rome he published in 1553 a work entitled "De Philosophiæ et juris civilis inter se comparatione." Cardinal Ippolito d'Este patronized him, and under his auspices Foglietta undertook to write a universal history of his times, commencing with the war of Charles V. against the protestant league, which he published in 1571. A short time after Foglietta began his most important work, the "History of Genoa, from its foundation to 1527." His death in 1595 prevented him from completing that great work.—A. C. M.
FOHI, the name of the first Chinese emperor, who is said to have been born in the province of Shensy, and to have reigned
