elder Francis, was born at Antwerp in 1580, and died there in 1642. Having learned painting from his father, he proceeded to Italy and spent some time in Venice diligently studying the works of the great Venetian masters. He settled in his native city, and was admitted a member of the academy there in 1605. His works are chiefly from sacred and classic history. He was a brilliant colourist, and had a facile touch, but his works display little elevation of character.—John Baptist Franck, son of Sebastian, born in 1600; died in 1653; was a clever painter, but possessed little originality. He painted historical and scriptural pieces, often in conjunction with David Beek.—J. T—e.
* FRANCK, Adolphe, a French philosopher, was born at Siocourt, 9th October, 1809. He taught philosophy successively at Douay, Nancy, and Versailles, and has subsequently delivered various courses of lectures in Paris. From 1848 to 1852 he lectured for M. Barthélemy Saint-Hilaire on ancient philosophy at the college of France. In 1856 he was appointed titulary professor of the law of nature and nations in the same school, and he has also interested himself much in the matter of education. He has published "Esquisse d'une Histoire de la Logique," 1838; "La Kabbale, ou philosophie religieuse des Hébreux," 1843; "Le Communisme jugé par l'histoire," 1849; and in conjunction with a number of professors and savants, "Dictionnaire des Sciences philosophiques," 1844-52, 6 vols., which is one of the most remarkable contributions of this century to the history of philosophy.—R. M., A.
FRANCK VON FRANCKENAU, Georg, a learned German physician, was born in 1643, and studied at Leipsic and Jena. In 1671 he was appointed to a professorship at Heidelberg, whence, however, he was expelled by the war. After some sojourn at Frankfort-on-the-Maine and at Wittenberg, he was called to Copenhagen as physician to King Christian V., and director of the orphan asylum. Here he died in 1704. Among his numerous works are "Institutionum Medicarum Synopsis;" "Lexicon Vegetabilium Usualium," a new edition of which was published under the title "Flora Francica;" "Bibliotheca parva Zootomica;" and "De Palingenesia."—K. E.
FRANCKE, August Hermann, an eminent Lutheran clergyman, and founder of the Orphan-house at Halle, was born 12th (23rd N.S.) March, 1663, at Lübeck. When only seven years of age he lost his father, but his education was carefully superintended by his mother, a woman of superior abilities and acquirements, who was his sole instructor until in his thirteenth year he entered the gymnasium at Gotha. In 1679 he entered the university of Erfurt, which he soon afterwards exchanged for that of Kiel. In 1682 he went to Hamburg for the purpose of studying Hebrew under Esra Edzardi, an eminent Hebraist of that day; and after two months' residence there he returned to Gotha, carrying with him such zeal for and proficiency in Hebrew that he read in the course of the ensuing year the Old Testament in the original seven times through. After some time spent in further studies at Leipsic, he went to reside at Lüneburg with the pious superintendent, Casper Herm. Sandhagen; and here his mind received those deep religious impressions which gave a tone to the whole of his future life and conduct. In 1689 he commenced as a privat-docent in Leipsic to lecture on the New Testament, and soon acquired such reputation that no room he could obtain could hold the numbers that crowded to his prelections. Having also acquired no small fame as a preacher, he was in 1690 invited to Erfurt as minister of the Augustinerkirche, where he laboured with only too much success; for after he had been there about fifteen months he was dismissed by the government on the ground that he was seeking to found a new sect, though he only sought to make men understand and believe the doctrines they professed. In 1692 a new sphere was opened for him at Halle, where he became professor of Greek and the oriental languages, and also pastor of the Georgenkirche at Glaucha, a suburb of Halle. In 1698 he was appointed one of the theological professors in that university, and in this capacity he continued till his death. Along with Spener he was the great bulwark of evangelical piety in the Lutheran church, and contributed largely to sustain religious life in that church. By his profound learning, his warm and glowing eloquence, his evangelical earnestness, his increasing labours, and his saintly character, he acquired and exercised an influence for good which long survived him, and served to keep alive the embers of genuine Christianity in his native country, even after the Semlers and the Baumgartens had covered it over with the dead coals of rationalism. But that by which he is now chiefly known to the general public is his benevolent zeal for the relief of the poor, and his splendid institute for the benefit of orphans. Pitying the condition of the poor, both temporally and spiritually, he began to receive them at his own house for instruction and aid; and from this he was led on step by step to institute, much on the principle now so well known as that of ragged schools, a scheme for supporting and educating destitute children, especially such as were orphans. At the time of his death he had erected a suite of buildings of large extent, comprising, besides the orphan-house properly so called, a hospital, a library, a cabinet of art and natural history, a laboratory, and a printing and bookbinding establishment, with a farm and a brewery, also belonging to the institution. With but slender help from extraneous sources, he had so wisely managed the whole enterprise, that at the time of his death there were one hundred and thirty-four orphans under the charge of ten superintendents, educated and supported; two thousand two hundred and seven children of the poor instructed by a hundred and seventy-five teachers, for the most part gratuitously; and, besides the orphans, a large number of poor children, and two hundred and fifty-five poor students fed from the funds of the establishment. It still continues to prosper. Francke died on the 8th of June, 1727, and was followed to his grave on the 17th by the whole town. He left behind him several works on practical divinity, as well as a considerable number of treatises adapted to the use of students, and some of a controversial character.—W. L. A.
FRANCKLIN, Thomas, born in 1721, or, according to others, 1720. His father, a bookseller in Covent Garden, published the anti-ministerial paper called the Craftsman, conducted by Bolingbroke, Pulteney, and others. In 1735 young Francklin was admitted a scholar at Westminster school, whence, in 1739, he was elected to Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he afterwards became a fellow. In June, 1750, he was chosen professor of Greek at Cambridge, where he came under the jurisdiction of the proctors in a manner not very advantageous to his reputation. In 1757 he was preferred to the livings of Ware and Thundrich in Hertfordshire, and in 1767 was appointed one of the chaplains to George III. In 1776 he was presented to the living of Brasted in Kent, which he held until his death. He died on the 15th March, 1784. He was a man of great learning and ability. His translations of Cicero's De Natura Deorum, 1741, and of Phalaris' Epistles, 1749, were his first attempts at authorship. In 1757 he commenced the publication of a short-lived periodical entitled the Centinel. He wrote also "Translation," a poem, 1753; "A Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy," 1760; "Translation of Voltaire's Works," 1761-65; "Translation of Lucian," 1780; a "Collection of Sermons," 1787; "Translation of Sophocles;" and some dramatic pieces.—W. A. B.
FRANCO, Battista, called also Semolei, a Venetian painter, born probably at Udine in 1498, went early to Rome, and became an enthusiastic student of the works of Michelangelo. He painted at Florence for Cosmo de Medici. He was at first an exaggerated imitator of Michelangelo, but eventually modified his manner, and was a better colourist than most of the Florentine painters of the sixteenth century; he painted a few pictures from drawings by Michelangelo, but his pictures are very scarce in galleries. Much of Franco's time was latterly spent in engraving, an art with which he was apparently fascinated, as displayed by the wonderful prints of Marcantonio. Franco is said to have been Marcantonio's pupil, and etched and engraved many of his own designs, some of which he signed, "Battista Franco fece;" they amount altogether to about one hundred. He also made many drawings for the majolica ware of the duke of Urbino. He was also the intimate friend of Vasari, and the master of Federigo Barocci. The Berlin gallery possesses a portrait of Sansorino, the architect, by Franco; and there are an altar-piece and some frescoes by him in the church of San Francesco della Vigna at Venice; the first representing the "Baptism of Christ;" among the others is the "Raising of Lazarus." He painted also some arabesques in the ducal palace there. He died at Venice in 1561.—(Vasari, Vite, &c.; Zanetti, Pittura Veneziana; Bartsch, Peintre Graveur.)—R. N. W.
FRANCO, Nicola, born at Benevento towards the year 1505. He received a rudimentary education from his father, who sent him afterwards to complete his studies at Benevento and Naples, where he highly distinguished himself in Greek and Latin. His cynical and acrimonious disposition inclined him to satire, a kind
