of the interior. In this, office he directed everything, from the highest to the lowest—his own mind was everywhere. The arrangement of the internal navigation of the kingdom was his; the plans of public instruction were his; and he himself prepared what would seem the humblest school-books. From 1804 to 1806 he was president of the senate, and it became his duty, in the name of the nation, to solicit Napoleon to assume the title of Emperor. From that time, however, he retired into private life, and was chiefly occupied with agriculture. François de Neufchateau's works are very numerous. He published editions of Pascal and Corneille, and several original poems.—J. A., D.
FRANCOWITZ. See Flach.
FRANCUCCI, Innocenzo, commonly called Innocenzio da Imola, where he was born in 1494. He was originally of the school of Francia, where he entered in 1508; he then studied with Albertinelli in Florence, but became afterwards a decided imitator of Raphael; he settled in Bologna, where he died soon after 1549—according to some accounts in the following year. His chief remaining works are still to be seen at Bologna; a "Crucifixion," in the church of the Santissimo Salvatore, bears the date of 1549. This is one of his best works.—(Vasari, Vite, &c.; Malvasia, Felsina Pittrice.)—R. N. W.
FRANGIPANI Family: one of the patrician families of Rome in the middle ages, famous for its quarrels with the popes. During the contest between Pope Pascal II. and Henry V. of Germany, concerning the inheritance of the celebrated Countess Matilda, the Frangipani, at the head of the Roman nobility, declared themselves for the emperor. Their opposition to the pope grew fiercer, when the latter, encroaching upon the imperial prerogative with regard to the election of the prefect of Rome, raised to that dignity Pietro Leone, a man of Jewish descent, and the chief of the popular party. At the death of Pascal the two factions endeavoured, each in its own way, to influence the papal election; but the partisans of Pietro Leone outwitted their adversaries, and Giovanni di Gaeta, one of their party, was created pope under the name of Gelasio II. The consequence was a fierce strife between the opposite factions on the very day of the coronation of the new pope; and Cencis Frangipani having, amidst the tumult, forced his way into the church, laid a violent hand on Gelasio, dispersed his abettors, and dragged him prisoner into one of his castles in Rome. Soon after, however, the followers of Pietro Leone recovered from their defeat, and compelled the Frangipani to release the pope. The Emperor Henry V., to whom Gelasio was highly obnoxious, caused a fraction of prelates to declare the election of Giovanni di Gaeta illegal, and to raise to the papal dignity Maurizio Bordino of Braga. Meanwhile Gelasio had sought refuge at Gaeta, and the antipope, under the name of Gregory VIII., settled at Rome. Gelasio attempted afterwards to return, but the Frangipani rose against him a second time, and he was obliged to leave for France, August, 1118, where he died the following year. The Frangipani continued, during the whole of that century, their struggle against the anti-imperial party at Rome, and in 1130 again succeeded in setting up a pope of their making against another elected by their enemies. Innocent II. and Anaclet, the latter a son of Pietro Leone, divided the church for some time, under pretence of religion and the independence of the popedom; but the interests and passions of the rival factions were the real cause of those schisms, which, originating in the anarchy of Rome, involved all christian nations in the turmoil. The records of the Frangipani family are of little importance in the following century, much less in subsequent times. The name of that noble house is connected with a cowardly treason in 1268. The last of the Suabians, the unfortunate Corradino, whilst trying, after the defeat of Tagliacozzo, to escape the pursuit of his deadly enemy, Charles of Anjou, was overtaken in the Campagna Romana by a member of that family—which in former times had ever been devoted to the imperial cause—and given up to the usurper. The death of Corradino on the scaffold at Naples was the result of the treachery.—A. S., O.
FRANK, Jakob, a Polish Jew, was born in 1712, and died at Offenbach on the 10th December, 1791. He was the founder of the sect of Frankists or Zoharites. Frank's system was founded on the mystical teaching and the mystical tradition known by the name of Kabbala. Not long before Jakob Frank's time a kabbalistic sect had appeared in Podolia, assuming the somewhat arrogant designation of New Hassidim, or New Saints. The ground was thus prepared for Frank's work as a reformer, if such he may be regarded. Jewish theology in the mass is talmudical. The Talmudists have in general been led more by the letter than the spirit. In opposition to them, the Kabbalists cared for the spirit only, and have pretended to be the repositories of secrets never to be spoken of by mortal lips but in language dark and strange. One of the most famous kabbalistic productions is the Zohar, which the disciples of Frank venerated as eminently their sacred book. Jakob Frank had in youth been a distiller. After a sojourn in the Crimea and other adjacent Turkish provinces, he returned thence with a great reputation as a Kabbalist. About the year 1750 he began to preach his doctrines, which soon found acceptance, not a few learned and distinguished rabbins embracing them. The leaders, however, of the numerous Israelitish communities were in the main hostile, and violently persecuted Frank and his partisans. Denounced to the government, Frank and his disciples were for a season imprisoned; they were released, however, at the intercession of the bishop of Podolia, and of the catholic clergy, who saw in the principles announced by Frank a striking resemblance to the catholic faith. Persecution having burst forth afresh, Frank counselled the Zoharites to give external adhesion to christianity, and he was himself baptized. He continued, nevertheless, to proclaim essentially the same ideas which had gained him such hosts of proselytes. From a second captivity, to which the implacable animosity of his foes had condemned him, he was delivered through the invasion of Poland by the Russians. He now entered on missionary labours in Germany, where some of his apostles had already appeared. At Vienna he assumed almost a regal pomp, and this led to his expulsion. From the landgrave of Hesse he obtained permission to fix his residence at Offenbach, where he took the title of Baron, and set up a kind of court, the Zoharites from every quarter sending him inmense sums. The Zoharites still exist, and make pilgrimages to the tomb of their founder, who perhaps was not conscious of charlatanism, though assuredly there was a dash of the charlatan in him.—W. M—l.
FRANK, Johann Peter, a celebrated physician and author of medical works, was born at Rotalben in the grand-duchy of Baden, Germany, on the 19th of March, 1745. He was sent to school to Rastadt, where his fine voice attracted the attention of the margravine of Baden, who resolved to send him to Italy, there to prepare him for a contralto singer. From this fate the young man happily escaped by flight, and wending his way into France, began to study medicine at Pont-à-Mousson. Obtaining the degree of doctor in 1766, he returned to his native country, and in 1769 was nominated physician to the court of the margrave of Baden. Fifteen years after, his fame as a talented medical man having meanwhile spread over Germany, he accepted a call as professor of physiology in the university of Göttingen, which post he exchanged soon after for the chair of medicine at Pavia in Italy. In 1795 he became director of the general hospital at Vienna; nine years after professor of medicine at the university of Wilna in Russia: and in 1805 chief physician of Czar Alexander I. As such he undertook the reform of the whole medical legislation of Russia, introducing everywhere vast improvements. But the climate of the northern metropolis not being suitable to his constitution, he returned to Vienna in 1808, and after a lengthened activity as physician, died at the latter place, April 24, 1821. He left many works of merit.—F. M.
* FRANKEL, Zacharias, a distinguished Jewish scholar, was born at Prague in 1801, and successively chosen preacher by the Jewish communities at Leitmeritz, Tœplitz, Dresden—where the beautiful new synagogue is due to his exertions—and Breslau. By his tuition, as well as by his writings, he has greatly contributed to improve the intellectual, moral, and political state of the German Jews. He wrote—"Die Eidesleistung der Juden in theologischer und historischer Beziehung," "Der gerichtliche Beweis nach mosaisch-talmudischem Rechte," &c.—K. E.
* FRANKL, Ludwig August, a German poet, was born at Chrast in Bohemia, February 3, 1810, of Jewish parents, and studied medicine at Vienna, where he was afterwards appointed secretary to the Jewish community. Besides several epic poems—"Christoforo Colombo," "Don Juan d'Austria," &c.—he wrote some volumes of lyric poetry, translated oriental and Servian popular songs, and edited the Osterreichische Morgenblatt and the Sonntagsblätter.—K. E.
* FRANKLAND, Edward, a distinguished chemist, was born
