pelled him to give up the ministry, and in 1553 he began to practise as a notary. Six years later, he was elected to a seat in the council of Two Hundred; but ere long he fell into habits of dissipation, on account of which he lay for a considerable period under a sentence of degradation and exile. Besides two historical tracts which he published in 1554, he wrote "Les Actes et les Gestes merveilleux de la Citè de Geneve," an account of the Reformation work there, which has been recently published by Revilliod. He died in 1585.—W. B.
FROMOND Giovanni Claudio, born at Cremona in 1703 of a family of French origin. He became a monk of Camaldoli in 1718, and studied mathematics at Pisa, where he was appointed professor. He used to make geological excursions on the mountains near that town, gathering fossils, of which he left a valuable collection. He wrote several papers on physical and chemical subjects; a work with the title of "Nova et generalis introductio ad philosophiam," and two dissertations on mechanics. He was also among the first to pay attention to physiological phenomena. He died in 1765.—A. S., O.
FROMONT. See Froidmond.
FRONDEVILLE, Thomas-Louis-César-Lambert, Marquis de, a French politician, was born at Lisieux in 1756, and died in 1816. He became counsellor in the parliament of Rouen, was deputed to the states-general in 1789, and subsequently sat in the national assembly, conspicuous as a defender of the privileges of the crown and the noblesse. When this kind of distinction became perilous he emigrated to England. He returned to France after the eighteenth Brumaire, but lived in retirement till the restoration of the Bourbons. After the second restoration he was made an honorary counsellor of state, and raised to the peerage of France.—R. M., A.
FRONSPERG. See Frundsberg.
FRONTEAU, Jean, chancellor of the university of Paris, was born at Angers in 1614, and died in 1662. He studied at the college of the fathers of the oratory at his native town, and, after finishing his theological studies, was appointed by the superior-general of the congregation to teach philosophy at St. Genevieve, Paris. In 1639 he was made professor of divinity, which he taught with remarkable success for twelve years. He was a follower of Aquinas both in his theology and philosophy. Three years before he resigned his theological chair Fronteau was nominated to the chancellorship of the university of Paris, but he subsequently incurred the displeasure of the court through being suspected of a desire to favour the defenders of Jansenius. He made his humble submission, however, and being restored to confidence, received further ecclesiastical preferment. Du Pin says that he was a learned man, and though not at all profound, remarkably ready-witted. He published a considerable number of controversial and other works.—R. M., A.
FRONTINUS, Sextus Julius, was one of the statesmen and authors who adorned the annals of the Roman empire in the latter half of the first century. Martial speaks of him as having been twice consul, but his name is not found in the Fasti. It is certain that he was city prætor under Vespasian in 70; and that five years later he held the governorship of Britain, where his vigorous administration, not only maintained the power of the Romans in the districts already subjugated, but extended their frontier by the conquest of the Silures in South Wales. In 97 he was appointed to the honourable office of Curator aquarum; and his tenure of it was distinguished by the construction of a magnificent aqueduct, which brought an additional supply of water into Rome from the river Anio. He was also invested with the augural dignity before his death, which seems to have taken place in the beginning of the second century. His principal writings are, "Stratagematica," and a treatise, "De Aquæductis." These are extant; and a few fragments on agricultural subjects ascribed to his pen.—W. B.
FRONTO, Marcus Cornelius, a celebrated Roman orator of the second century, was born in the colony of Cirta in Numidia, and had reached the age of manhood before he began his literary studies. Under the instructions of Dionysius and Athenodotus, however, he laboured with such energy and aptitude to acquire the art of public speaking, that after removing to Rome in the time of Hadrian, he rose to high eminence as a rhetorician. Two of Hadrian's successors, Aurelius and Commodus, attended his lectures in their youth; and the imperial favour invested him with senatorial dignity. He was nominated to the consulship in 143, and about five years later, was offered the proconsular office in Asia, which his failing health did not permit him to accept. He died about 166, having spent the last years of his life in retirement, afflicted with the gout, but able to enjoy the frequent visits of his literary friends and admirers, at his villa in the gardens of Mæcenas, which he had purchased. As a rhetorician he condemned the florid Grecian style, cultivating an archaic simplicity of diction; and the high reputation which he acquired, gave birth to a school of orators, who were known by the name of Frontoniani. But we have not the means of estimating his genius and taste from his writings; for, in addition to a few scraps of historical treatises, the only productions of his pen now extant are about two hundred letters on ordinary topics, and evidently written in the negligent style of friendly correspondence.—Marcus Aufidius Fronto, who held the consulship in 199, was one of his grandsons.—W. B.
FRONTON LE DUC, called also Ducæus, a learned jesuit, was born at Bourdeaux in 1558. Having joined the Society of Jesus, he was made professor of rhetoric and theology, first at Pont-a-Mousson, and afterwards in the college of Clermont in Paris. He was highly esteemed for his learning by the scholars of France and other countries, with whom he carried on an extensive correspondence. By the aid of Greek MSS. in the royal library of Paris, he brought out good editions of Chrysostom, Paulinus, Johannes Damascenus, and others. In 1624 he published at Paris, in two vols. fol., his "Auctarium Ducænum, vel Bibliotheca Veterum Patrum, Gr. et Lat.," which was designed to be a supplement to the Latin Bibliotheca Patrum. He also engaged in controversy with the celebrated protestant writer, Du Plessis Mornay, in reply to his book on the Lord's supper. His writings on this subject extend to three vols. He died of the stone, 25th September, 1624.—P. L.
FRORIEP, Friedrich Ludwig von, a distinguished German physician, was born at Erfurt in 1779. Studying medicine at the university of Jena, he became acquainted with some of Dr. Gall's disciples, and for a time earnestly devoted himself to phrenology. These pursuits, however, ceased in 1806, on his taking the direction of the large lying-in hospital at Halle, from which he was transferred, two years after, to the chair of medicine at Tübingen. In 1811 he became physician-in-ordinary to the king of Würtemberg, and five years after, director of the medical department of the ministry of home affairs in the grand duchy of Saxe-Weimar. He died in August, 1847. He established a medical review, entitled Notizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur und Heilkunde, which is still in existence. He also wrote several works on phrenology, and translated Cooper's Manual of Surgery. His own "Handbuch der Geburtshülfe," Weimar, 1802, went through eleven editions.—F. M.
* FROST, William Edward, A.R.A., was born in September, 1810, at Wandsworth, Surrey, studied in Sass' school, and in 1829 was admitted as a student at the Royal Academy, where, after carrying off several of the first prizes in the schools, he in 1839 won the gold medal by a painting of "Prometheus bound by Force and Strength." At the cartoon competition of the royal commission of fine arts in 1840, he obtained one of the third class prizes for a composition from Spenser, "Una alarmed by Fauns." Whilst a student at the Royal Academy, Mr. Frost painted a large number of portraits. In 1843 he sent to the Royal Academy exhibition a scriptural subject, "Christ crowned with thorns;" but all his subsequent pictures have been of a bacchanalian character. The influence of his friend Etty is visible in the conception and composition of his pictures, no less than in the selection of their subjects; but Mr. Frost has adopted a more refined and scholarly mode of treatment, and displays more care and greater finish in the drawing and manipulation. Mr. Frost's pictures are, in fact, addressed to a select and highly-cultivated class, with whom they have found warm appreciation. The following are some of his more important works—"Nymphs dancing," exhibited at the Royal Academy, 1844; "Diana surprised by Acteon," 1846, which secured the painter's election as associate of the Royal Academy the same year; "Una and the Wood Nymphs," 1847, purchased by her majesty; "the Syrens," 1849; "Disarming of Cupid," 1850, painted for the prince consort; "Wood Nymphs and Hylas," 1851; "May morning," 1852; "Bacchante and Young Faun dancing," 1855; "The Graces," 1856; "Narcissus," 1857; "Zephyr with Aurora playing," 1858; in the exhibition of 1860 he had two pictures.—J. T—e.
