and continued to swell the fortune of the Fuggers, who thenceforth became the recognized bankers and money-lenders of German royalty. Austria borrowed largely from them; and when in 1503 Ulrich Fugger died, the emperor himself followed his coffin to the grave. Ulrich and Jacob left no children, but Georg had two sons, Raimund and Anton, who were made counts by the Emperor Charles V. The emperor had a particular affection for both brothers, and when attending the diet of Augsburg in 1530, did them the honour of taking up his quarters at their palatial residence. The story is told, that during his sojourn here, Charles V. one day was surprised at seeing all the guests, except himself, sitting on large barrels covered with planks; and on his demanding the reason of such an arrangement, the barrels were opened, and found to be filled with gold from top to bottom. It was in allusion to this incident that the emperor, when shown some years afterwards the treasures of the Louvre at Paris, exclaimed to his companions—"We have got a master-weaver at Augsburg who can buy the whole lot." The German princes kept on borrowing money, and the Fugger family continued lending on good security, so that gradually the latter acquired a most influential position, holding a kind of court at Augsburg, and, in imitation of the reigning houses, maintaining their own painters, poets, architects, and musicians, besides a retinue of servants, amounting to nearly a thousand persons. At the decease of Raimund and Anton, who both left children, the family split into five branches, all of which however, except one, became gradually extinct in the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The chief of the surviving branch, Count Anselm of Fugger-Babenhausen, was elevated to the rank of Prince by the Emperor Francis II., in the year 1803; the territory possessed by him, consisting of about seven square miles, was made an independent fief under the emperor's jurisdiction. A few years after, however, a decision of the German diet gave the suzerainty of the Fugger estates to the newly-created king of Bavaria. The present chief of the house is Prince Leopold Charles of Fugger-Babenhausen, born October 4, 1827. The family has now entirely lost its commercial character, as well as the greater part of its ancient wealth, the revenue presently accruing to it being only about two hundred thousand florins per annum.—F. M.
FULBECK, William, an eminent English writer on legal subjects, was born at Lincoln in 1560. He became a commoner of St. Alban's hall, Oxford, in 1577; scholar of Corpus Christi college in 1579; and B. A. in 1581. He then entered Gloucester hall (now Worcester college), whence he removed to Gray's inn, London. He wrote "Christian Ethics, or Moral Philosophy;" "Historical Collection of the factions and tumults among the Romans, before the empire of Augustus;" "A Parallel, or conference of the civil law, the canon law, and the common law of this realm;" "The Pandects of the Laws of Nations," &c. A relative of his, Henry Fulbeck, published "A Direction, or preparative to the study of the civil law," &c., London, 8vo, 1602, which was republished by T. H. Stirling in 1829.—T. J.
FULBERT, Bishop of Chartres, who flourished in the early part of the eleventh century, was one of the most eminent men of his time for learning and sanctity. From an expression in one of his letters, it has been inferred that he was a native of Rome. He studied under the famous Gerbert, perhaps while the latter was abbot of Bobbio in Lombardy, and is said to have attained to a thorough knowledge of the science of medicine. Though neither rich nor nobly born, he rose, to use his own expression, "like the pauper from the dunghill," by dint of honest toil, until he became, first chancellor, and then bishop of Chartres. For many years Fulbert taught theology in the school of Chartres. He was elected to that see in the year 1007. During the greater part of his episcopate he had leisure to devote to literature, and was able to begin and bring to completion great architectural works. He laid the foundation of the magnificent church of St. Mary, and lived to finish it. It was probably in aid of this building that our King Canute, when on his way to Rome in 1020, enriched with a princely donation the church of Chartres. Fulbert's epistle of thanks to Canute is extant among his letters. Berengarius, afterwards archbishop of Tours, had begun to broach, towards the close of the life of Fulbert, his peculiar views respecting the eucharist. During his last illness a crowd of persons came to see the dying prelate, and among others Berengarius; Fulbert, however, singling him out with his eye, motioned him to keep at a distance, declaring that he saw an evil spirit at his side, who was busy in seducing numbers of innocent persons. This anecdote is given by Malmesbury. The bishop died in the year 1029. His works, which are collected in the Bibliotheca Patrum, consist of sermons, letters, and theological treatises.—T. A.
FULCO. See Foulques.
FULGENTIUS, Fabius Claudius, St., was born at Telepte, the capital of the province of Byzacena in North Africa, in the year 468. His father, Claudius, was descended from a distinguished family anciently settled at Carthage. He was educated with as much care as the distracted state of the country, not yet recovered from the devastating effects of the Vandal invasion, permitted; and while still very young he was elected procurator and fiscal officer of his native province. But the perusal about this time of one of the sermons written by his great countryman, St. Austin, determined him upon renouncing the world and its dangers, in order to serve God in the monastic state. After having given proof of the depth and fixity of his resolve he was admitted by the Abbot Faustus, though sorely against the will of Mariana his mother, into the monastery over which he presided. He was at this time in his twenty-second year. He soon after removed to another monastery, which he governed as abbot, jointly with one Felix, in perfect unanimity during six years. Compelled to flee by the persecution stirred up by the Arian king, Hunneric, against the orthodox, and not having escaped without a cruel scourging, Fulgentius took ship at a Mauritanian seaport, intending to go to Egypt and visit the far-famed hermits of the Libyan deserts. But touching on his way at Syracuse, he was there dissuaded from proceeding farther by the bishop Eulalius. Before returning to Africa he visited Rome, and witnessed the pompous entry of the king, Theodoric, into the city. "I thought to myself," he says, in reference to this occasion, "what must be the glory of the heavenly Jerusalem, if the splendour of earthly Rome be thus transcendant." His visit to Rome falls in the year 500. Returning, he built a monastery in Byzacena, where he lived eight years, and whence he was forcibly taken in 508 and made bishop of Ruspa, a city near Tunis. As bishop he abated nothing of the ascetic rigour of his life in the cloister. At the instigation of the Arian party, he, with sixty other orthodox bishops, was banished by King Thrasimund to Sardinia. Whilst there he was cheered by the sympathizing letters and substantial assistance sent him by Pope Symmachus. Hearing of his great fame among the orthodox, Thrasimund called him back to Africa, and conferred much with him; and it was these conferences which gave occasion to some of the saint's best known treatises. He was obliged to return to Sardinia in 520, but was again recalled on the accession of Hilderic in 523. He died in 533. His writings, which are of considerable value, are still for the most part extant.—T. A.
FULGENTIUS, Ferrandus, was a disciple and friend of the African bishop, Fulgentius of Ruspa, in the sixth century. He shared in his exile when driven out of Africa by Thrasimund in 520, and lived with him in the cloister of St. Saturnius in Cagliari in Sardinia till the death of Thrasimund in 523, when both returned to Africa. He was ordained a deacon in the church of Carthage, and died in 550. He was probably the author of "Vita Fulgentii Ruspensis;" but his principal works were a treatise on christian ethics, "De Septem Regulis Innocentiæ;" and an abbreviation of the canons of councils, "Breviatio canonum ecclesiasticorum," which is important for the history of ecclesiastical law, and includes the greatest part of the Greek and African canons.—P. L.
FULGOSO. See Fregoso.
FULKE, William, an eminent protestant divine, was born in London, and became fellow of St. John's college, Cambridge, in 1564. He entered Clifford's inn, London, with a view of studying the law, and lived there six years, but subsequently took orders, and in 1571 obtained the living of Warley in Essex, and two years after that of Keddington in Suffolk. Having taken the degree of D.D. at Cambridge, he accompanied the earl of Lincoln on his embassy to the French court. On his return, he was made master of Pembroke hall and Margaret professor of divinity. His polemical writings, in English and Latin, directed chiefly against the church of Rome, were dedicated to Queen Elizabeth and the earl of Leicester. His Commentary on the Rheims Testament was published in 1580, and excited so much interest that it was thrice reprinted. He died in 1589.—T. J.
FULLER, Andrew, an eminent baptist minister and theolo-
