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GAAB, Johann Friedrich von, a German theological writer, was born at Göppingen, Wurtemberg, in 1761, and died in 1832. He was gradually promoted to the highest dignities in the evangelical church. He left a number of learned works on the apocryphal and other books of the Old Testament, on the history of the church, &c.—K. E.
* GAAL, Joseph, a Hungarian, born at Grosskaroly in 1811, author of "Szirmay Ilona," 1837, a historical romance in two volumes; "A Király Ludason," 1837, a comedy; "Swotopluk," a tragedy, and other plays. He has acquired some reputation as a novelist by his truthful delineation of Hungarian life; and his poetry, chiefly of a humorous cast, has a large circulation among his countrymen. Gaal was educated at the university of Pesth, where he devoted himself to the study of law. On leaving college he entered into the service of the state at Buda. In 1837, twelve years after its foundation, he was chosen a member of the Hungarian Academy. When his countrymen rose against the Austrians on the 29th September, 1848, he was appointed minister of finance by the provisional government.—R. V. C.
GABARET, a French vice-admiral, governor of Martinique, one of the foremost of Louis XIV.'s naval heroes. He commanded a division of the duke of Vivonne's fleet in 1676, when the Spanish and Dutch were beaten by the French off Palermo; and in the following year he served under D'Estrées against the Dutch in the West Indies. In 1689 the count of Chateau-Regnault adventured to sea, with eight ships, destined to carry relief to the Irish, who were still in arms for James II., and of this fleet Gabaret commanded the vanguard. Three days after the departure from Brest, 6th May, the vice-admiral came in sight of the Irish coast between Cape Clear and Kinsale; and on attempting to land he had an encounter with the enemy, from which they retired with considerable loss. In 1692 Gabaret commanded the rear-guard of the French fleet at the disastrous battle of La Hogue. In 1693 he was named governor of Martinique, which, for the few months he survived, he defended against the English with the most extraordinary bravery and skill.—J. S., G.
GABBIANI, Anton Domenico, one of the most distinguished Florentine painters of the seventeenth century, was born at Florence in 1652. He was the pupil, first of Vincenzo Danolini, and was then sent by the Grand-duke Cosmo III. to study in the school of Ciro Ferri at Rome; and he afterwards spent some time in Venice to acquire the colouring of that school. Gabbiani was a facile painter in oil and in fresco, and in various departments of the art, as history, portraits, animals, &c.; but while his drawing is praised, his colouring is condemned as languid; he was most successful in children or amorini. He executed many works in Florence, and several for the Pitti palace there; but his greatest undertaking is the cupola of Cestello painted in fresco; there are some of his frescoes also at Poggio a Cajano. Gabbiani formed a considerable school; Benedetto Luti was his principal scholar. He was killed by a fall from a scaffolding in the Incontri palace in 1726. There is a life of him by his pupil, Ignazio Enrico Hugford, Florence 1762, which contains some etchings by Gabbiani, with other of his designs engraved under the title of Raccolta di Cento Pensieri diversi, di Gabbiani, &c.—R. N. W.
* GABELENTZ, Hans Conon von der, an eminent German linguist, was born at Altenburg, October 13, 1807; and studied law at the universities of Leipsic and Göttingen. He then entered the administrative service of Saxe-Altenburg, where he was successively raised to the highest posts of trust and honour, but resigned all of them except the presidency of the Altenburg diet, to which he was promoted in 1851. From his boyhood he had devoted all his leisure hours to linguistic research, and had acquired the Chinese language while yet at school. Soon after leaving the university, he published his celebrated "Elémens de la grammaire Mandschoue," 1832. From the languages of Eastern Asia he turned to the Gothic, and conjointly with his friend J. Löbe, edited the works of Ulfilas with a Latin translation, glossary, and grammar, 1843-46. He wrote, besides, grammars of the Mordvinian, Sirenian, Cherokese, Dajak, Dakota, and Kiriri languages, and was one of the founders of the Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes.—K. E.
GABINIUS, Aulus, a Roman statesman, was born about 100 b.c. His patrimony was completely dissipated in his youth by his profligate and spendthrift mode of life, and he entered on a public career with the view of repairing his broken fortunes. He was elected tribune in 66 b.c., when he proposed and after a fierce struggle carried a law conferring upon Pompey the command of the war against the pirates. He was prætor in 61, and consul in 58 along with L. Piso. Both consuls joined the party of Clodius, and supported that ruthless profligate in those measures which led to the overthrow of Cicero; and through the influence of Clodius Gabinius was appointed to the government of Cilicia, which he subsequently exchanged for that of Syria, 57. On his arrival in that country he found Judæa in a state of great excitement, in consequence of a quarrel between the two brothers, Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. He restored the former to the high priesthood, from which he had been dispossessed by Alexander, the son of Aristobulus, rebuilt Samaria and other towns which had been destroyed by the Jews, introduced various changes into the government, and divided the country into five districts, each of which was administered by a council. A dispute now broke out between Orodes and Mithridates respecting the Parthian throne, and the proconsul having been gained over by the promises and bribes of the latter, decided in his favour. Gabinius next marched into Egypt and restored Ptolemy Auletes, whom the Alexandrians had driven from his throne in consequence of his exactions. The restoration of this monarch had been forbidden both by a decree of the senate and by the Sibylline books; but the zeal of Gabinius in his behalf having been stimulated by the promise of ten thousand talents for this service, he repaired on purpose to Alexandria, and replaced Ptolemy on the throne in defiance both of the senate and the oracle. On his return to Judæa he found that country once more agitated by a new revolt on the part of Alexander, but the insurgents were speedily defeated in a battle which was fought near Mount Tabor. The oppression and shameless venality of Gabinius had now, however, rendered his government unendurable. He was recalled in 56, and on his return to Rome in the following year was accused of treason on account of his restoration of Ptolemy, but was acquitted by a majority of thirty-six to thirty-two. He was immediately tried upon another charge, entitled "de Repetundis," for the illegal receipt of ten thousand talents from Ptolemy. Cicero was reluctantly persuaded by Pompey to undertake his defence, but he was nevertheless found guilty, and condemned to be banished, and to repay the money he had unlawfully received. In 49 he was recalled from exile by Cæsar, and in 48 was sent by him, at the head of some troops into Illyricum, where he died about the end of that year.—J. T.
GABIUS, Apicius. See Apicius.
* GABLER, Georg Andreas, son of Johann Philipp Gabler, was born at Altdorf, July 30, 1786. He studied philosophy at Jena under the celebrated Hegel, and became one of his most ardent pupils. Quitting the university, he was for a time private tutor in the family of Schiller, and next, in 1811, obtained a post as professor at the Anspach grammar-school.
