tions, decorations, and details of many of the most remarkable edifices in the world, with descriptions written by M. Gailhabaud and other archæologists. As affording a broad general view of the subject, it is of exceeding value, especially as a work of reference; but the illustrations are by far its most valuable portion. An English edition was commenced in 1840 under the editorial care of two of our most esteemed architects, F. Arundale and T. L. Donaldson. M. Gailhabaud followed the "Monuments" by another large work consisting chiefly of plates, "L'Architecture du Vme, au XVme Siècle et les Arts qui en dependant," 4to, Paris, 1850-57. He also founded a periodical. La Revue Archéologique, and subsequently the Bibliothèque Archéologique. He is understood to be at present engaged in the preparation of an archæological dictionary.—J. T—e.
GAILLARD, Gabriel Henri, a French historian and member of the Institute, born at Ostel in 1726, and educated for the bar; but, preferring a literary career, he devoted himself chiefly to the study of history. His earliest works, however, were of a different character, and a treatise upon rhetoric and poetry chiefly for the use of females, maintains its popularity to this day. He was the author of histories of Charlemagne and Francis I., and his celebrity was established by two works, which he afterwards published on the "Rivalry between France and England;" and on the "Rivalry between France and Spain," in which the various characteristics of those countries are learnedly and minutely discussed, and his dissertations on their politics, wars, internal administration, arts and sciences, and the personal qualities of the monarchs, are replete with instruction to the reader. For a period of forty years Gaillard enjoyed the intimate friendship of Malesherbes, a high tribute to his personal worth. He was the author of more than three-fourths of the Dictionnaire historique, which forms part of the Encyclopédie méthodique; and his talents were so varied that one is at a loss which most to admire, his historical, his poetical, his critical, his oratorical, or his classical performances. Towards the end of his life he retired to St. Firmin, near Chantilly, where unremitting labour and abstemious diet are considered to have shortened his days. He died there in 1806.—R. D. B.
GAILLARD, Honoré Reynaud de, a distinguished preacher of the order of the jesuits, was born at Aix in 1641, and died in Paris in 1727. While still young he became tutor to the prince of Turenne, whose funeral oration it was afterwards his lot to pronounce. His eloquence soon attracted the notice of his superiors, and procured him the honour of preaching frequently before the king, by whom he was highly esteemed. He was subsequently appointed rector of the college of Paris. Gaillard was also confessor to the queen of James II. of England. He lived in intimacy with Boileau, and many of the celebrated men of the day. He is known as an author merely by a few funeral orations—R. M., A.
GAILLARD DE LONJUMEAU, Bishop of Apt in France from 1673 till 1693; died in 1695. His name is memorable in connection with the Dictionnaire Historique of his almoner, Moreri, to whom he suggested the plan of the work, and whose researches he aided by every means at his disposal Moreri dedicated the first edition to the bishop.—J. S., G.
GAILLIARD. See Galliard.
GAIMAR, Geffrei, an Anglo-Norman trouvère, who, from some notices of himself interspersed throughout his work, appears to have flourished about the twelfth century, and to have been attached to the household of Lady Constance, wife of a certain Ralph Fitz-Gilbert, the representative of a family whose principal residence was in Lincolnshire. The work by which his name has been preserved—"L'Estorie des Engles, solum la Translation Maistre Geffrei Gaimar," edited by Mr. Wright for the Camden Society in 1850, and of which four MSS. are still known to exist, is a poem of great length, principally founded upon the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, but containing much original matter of considerable value to the historian. The history, commencing with the arrival of Cerdic and the Saxons in 495, concludes with the death of William Rufus in 1100.—J. S., G.
GAINAS, a Goth by birth, who at an early age enlisted in the Roman army, and gradually rose to high rank under Theodosius I. and his son Arcadius. He attached himself to Stilicho, and was employed by him to put to death his enemy the wicked Rufinus, the prefect of the East in 395. He was then appointed general of the Roman horse and foot by the new minister, the eunuch Eutropius, whose interests he espoused in opposition to those of Stilicho. Four years later occurred the rebellion of Tribigild the Ostrogoth, which Gainas is believed to have secretly fomented from jealousy of Eutropius, and dissatisfaction with his own inferior position. He took the command of the troops sent to suppress the rebellion, but his proceedings were all regulated with a view to his own interests. He magnified to the emperor the valour and resources of the insurgents, and earnestly urged the policy of negotiating with their invincible chief. This was accordingly adopted. The sacrifice of the obnoxious minister was demanded by Tribigild as the condition of peace, and was readily conceded by the weak and facile emperor. Soon after the downfall of Eutropius, Gainas openly revolted, and uniting his forces with those of Tribigild, advanced towards Constantinople. The emperor was fain to grant him an interview, and to accede to all his conditions. Elated with his success, he raised his demands, and stipulated that a church in the metropolis should be set apart for the worship of his Arian soldiers. This claim was resisted by the archbishop St. Chrysostom. A tumult arose in the city, and Gainas was expelled with the loss of seven thousand of his men. He marched with the remainder of his troops into Thrace, which he laid waste. After an unsuccessful attempt to cross the Hellespont, in which he lost many thousands of his followers, he made a rapid march to the Danube, with the intention of taking refuge in Scythia, but was defeated and slain by Uldin, king of the Huns, 3d January, 401.—J. T.
GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas, R.A., was born at Sudbury in Suffolk in the spring of 1727, in an old inn formerly known as the Black Horse, since pulled down; and he was educated in the grammar-school there, which was kept by his uncle, the Rev. Humphrey Burroughs. His father was a manufacturer of says and crapes, or a crapemaker, and had a considerable business. Young Gainsborough showed his great faculty for drawing at so early an age, that by the time he was fifteen, his relations had determined to make a painter of him, and sent him at that age to London, where he became first the pupil of Gravelot the engraver, then of Francis Hayman the painter, and attended the academy in St. Martin's Lane. After three years he took rooms in Hatton Garden, and commenced as a portrait and landscape painter; but, having persevered for a year in vain, he gave up the attempt and returned to Sudbury. Here he devoted himself more seriously to the study of landscape, and the neighbourhood of Sudbury gave him many good subjects. It was on one of his sketching excursions that he met with a beautiful young lady, Margaret Burr, who soon afterwards became his wife, and she brought the young painter, then only nineteen, an income of £200 a year. Gainsborough now started afresh; he took a house at Ipswich; his two daughters, his only children, were born at Ipswich. Here he made the useful acquaintance of Joshua Kirby, known for his work on Perspective, and who, after he settled in London in 1753, placed his son as a pupil with Gainsborough. It was here that one of his first landscapes that attracted any notice was painted—a view of Landguard Fort for the governor, Mr. Thicknesse, and of which there is a print by Major; the picture has perished. He continued some years at Ipswich, improving himself in portrait and in landscape, indeed to such an extent that he felt that he required a larger field for his labours; and accordingly in 1760 he removed to Bath, where he took apartments in the Circus. Here he had so many sitters that he was soon forced to raise his price from five to eight guineas for a head, and he charged forty guineas for a half length, and one hundred guineas for a whole length. These portraits he now occasionally exhibited at the Society of Artists in London; at the exhibition of 1766 was a full length of Garrick; a portrait of Captain Hervey, afterwards the earl of Bristol, exhibited in 1768, is described by Walpole as one of the best modern portraits he had ever seen; and at the foundation of the Royal Academy at the end of this year, Gainsborough was chosen one of the original thirty-six members. He was of course a regular contributor to its exhibitions, and Mary Moser in a letter to Fuseli, then at Rome, speaks in the highest terms of Gainsborough. At the exhibition of 1772 he had four portraits and eight landscapes; but, having a disagreement with Sir Joshua Reynolds, he ceased to send his works to the exhibition for five years from this time. In the summer of 1774 Gainsborough himself came to London; Bath no longer satisfied his ambition. He had now met with the utmost success as a portrait painter; and no competition could give him the slightest
