influence was increased by the addition of a literary supplement termed the Illyrian Morning Star. The literary regeneration of the province was thus commenced. The journal enjoyed great popularity, and the effect was soon visible in the increased intelligence and enlightenment of the middle classes. Government thereupon interfered and compelled the title of Illyrian to be abandoned, whereupon Gaj substituted for the prohibited designation, the title of the Croatian, Slavonian, and Dalmatian Gazette; but the popular style was still maintained, and by this means no interruption took place in the instruction of the national mind. Although the Gazette contributed greatly to the discontent of the Slavonian provinces which broke out into insurrection in 1848, Gaj took no active part in the disturbances. His weapon was the pen rather than the sword, and his literary performances were all of a political nature. He still lives at Agram, where he has collected a magnificent library of Illyrian works.—R. D. B.
GALANINO, the name by which Baldassare Aloisi, the portrait painter, is commonly known. He was born at Bologna in 1578, and entered the school of the Carracci there; he painted history and portraits, but is chiefly distinguished for his portraits, some of which are so excellent that Galanino has been called the Italian Vandyck. Some of his religious pieces may still be seen in the public buildings of Bologna, and of Rome, where he died in 1638. There are also a few etchings by him.—(Baglione, Vite dei Pittori, &c., 1733.)—R. N. W.
GALATEO or GALATEUS LECCENSIS, the name given to Antonio Ferrari, born at Galatina, in the kingdom of Naples. He was very proud of his Grecian origin, and cultivated successfully the study of the Greek and Latin classics, with the assistance of Sannazzaro and Pontano. Having fallen into the hands of pirates in 1504, whilst travelling from Bari to Calabria, Galateo recovered his liberty only on condition of paying a very heavy sum for his ransom. He was perhaps the first of modern writers who endeavoured to draw geographical and hydrographical maps. His minor works, both in Latin and Italian, are very numerous. He died at Lecce on the 12th of November, 1517.—A. C. M.
GALATINO or GALATIN, Pietro, a monk of the order of St. Francis, born about 1460; died about 1539. In 1480 he was in Otranto during its siege by the Turks. He afterwards distinguished himself at Rome by his acquaintance with Greek and Oriental languages, and by his intense application to philosophy and theology. Leo X. conferred upon him an honourable post in his household. Galatin was the author of a work in support of the christian faith against the doctrines of the Jews, entitled "De Arcanis Catholicæ Veritatis."—R. V. C.
GALBA, Publius Sulpicius Maximus, twice consul at Rome; once, in the year 211 b.c. just when the tide of Hannibal's success had turned, and the second time, in the year 200 b.c. He was instrumental in plunging the Romans into a war with Macedonia, which he himself undertook to conduct; but he gained no considerable advantages except in an engagement near the passes of Eordea, in which he would have been defeated, if the imprudence of the Macedonians had not turned the scale against them. The only other event worth recording about him is, that he appears to have provoked a war with Antiochus.—W. H. W.
GALBA, Servius Sulpicius, consul at Rome, in the year 144 b.c. He seems to have been more remarkable for his cruelty and eloquence than for any military talents. He was guilty of the most cold-blooded treachery in murdering the poor Lusitanians whom he had solemnly engaged to protect, and to whom he had promised lands and houses if they would remain faithful to Rome. For this perfidy he was attacked by Cato; but he managed to escape all punishment by a profuse expenditure of oratory and money.—W. H. W.
GALBA, Servius Sulpicius, was born in the year 5 b.c., and through his father, Sergius Sulpicius Galba, and his mother, Mummia Achaica, was related to the noblest families in Rome. Before the usual age he had filled the curule offices, and was consul in the year 32, when, Tacitus says, he was pointed out by Tiberius as a future emperor. He was deputed by Caligula to command in Germany, where he creditably acquitted himself, defeating with great loss the Germans who had made an inroad into Gaul. After Caligula's death he was pressed by his friends to aspire to the purple, but he gave a good proof of his wisdom by refusing. Claudius, as a reward for his prudence, gave him the government of Africa, where he behaved so well, that on his return to Rome he received the honours of a triumph. For some time after he lived in retirement, distinguishing himself by the simplicity and frugality of his manners. He was probably impelled to this course partly from the fear that Nero would strike his head off if he held it up too high, and partly from a love of economy, which to the degenerate Romans was a vice, and which afterwards proved his destruction. In the year 60, he was appointed to command in Spain. So far as we can see, he administered the affairs of his province in a very respectable manner, and showed himself an enemy to every thing like corruption and injustice. He is said to have punished with crucifixion a tutor who had poisoned his pupil for the sake of his inheritance; and when the criminal pleaded his Roman citizenship, Galba merely ordered that the cross should be made a little higher than usual. His fear of Nero caused him to relax a rigour which might have made him sufficiently remarkable to incur the enmity of the tyrant, and he subsided into indifference, because, as he said, no man had to give any account of that. After Nero had played the madman for fourteen years, Julius Vindex raised the standard of revolt in Gaul, and offered Galba the empire. At first he thought it best to preserve a discreet silence; but when he heard that Nero had resolved upon his death, he took a decisive step, and declared himself not as emperor, but as an officer of the Roman people and senate, appointed to avenge the tyranny of their oppressor. The conspiracy was well-nigh crushed at the outset. Vindex being defeated, committed suicide; and Galba, thinking the case to be almost desperate, retired to Clunia, a little town of his province, almost determined to follow the example of Vindex. It was at this crisis that a revolt took place at Rome. Nymphidius Sabinus had secured the defection of the soldiers there by promising them large presents in the name of Galba, who was by this means enabled to march into Italy, and declare himself imperator in the year 68. Probably no man at that time could have stood his ground at Rome. However great a king may be, unless his greatness is supported by the virtue of the people, and is to some extent its offspring and flower, he is merely an interpolation in the order of things, and is soon swept away by a tide of iniquity which he cannot stem. Nor indeed was Galba the man to rule with a mighty arm at any time. It is true that he said to the soldiers, when they pressed for fulfilment of the promises made to them, that he chose men, and did not buy them; but he had no means by which he could make his words deeds. He adhered to a rigid discipline, which he had no authority to enforce, and which, consequently, made him hated by all those who had been his supporters. The mob looked back with regret on all the shows and games which Nero had given them, and contrasted his prodigality with Galba's parsimony. Revolts immediately broke out. One or two were put down, but the German legions at last threw off their allegiance, and demanded another emperor. Galba thought to stave off the evil which threatened him by adopting Piso Licinianus as his partner in the government; but the customary presents were not given, and Otho was unanimously selected to fill the place of Galba, who was immediately afterwards murdered, in the year 69. What this unfortunate monarch might have been in any other times than those in which he lived, we cannot say. He seems to have been a man of honesty, but he had no abilities with which to struggle successfully with a disintegration of society, against which a Cæsar would almost have fought in vain.—W. H. W.
GALBRAITH, William, a Scottish mathematician, was born at Greenlaw in Berwickshire, on the 23d of April, 1786, and died in Edinburgh on the 27th of October, 1850. He was for many years a successful teacher of mathematics and navigation in Edinburgh. He was the author of some useful collections of mathematical tables, of a work on trigonometrical surveying and levelling, and of some original papers on subjects connected with geography, astronomy, and physics, published in the Philosophical Magazine and in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal between 1824 and a short time before his death.—W. J. M. R.
GALE, John, an eminent Baptist minister and author, was born in London, 26th May, 1680. His father was a wealthy citizen, and sent him to complete his education at the university of Leyden, where he applied himself to his studies in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and philosophy, with such extraordinary success, that before he was nineteen years of age he was presented with the degrees of master of arts and doctor in philosophy. From Leyden he went to Amsterdam, where he studied theology for
