books "Ad Glauconem;" "De Methodo Medendi;" and three shorter treatises in favour of blood-letting, directed against the practice of Erasistratus and his followers. Though he had practised surgery at Pergamus, he seems to have confined himself at Rome to medicine. No surgical work of importance is among his extant writings, but there is much surgical matter scattered through his works, especially in some of his commentaries on Hippocrates.
VII. His admiration of Hippocrates was very great, and a considerable portion of his writings is devoted to the explanation of some of his most celebrated treatises, viz., the Aphorisms, Prognostics, Epidemics, and several other works. Galen's commentaries are both critical and exegetical, discussing at considerable length the various readings of any difficult sentence, the exact signification of the obscure or obsolete words, and the medical opinions expressed in the passage.
VIII. Of the numerous works which he composed on different branches of philosophy the most interesting and important are "De Hippocratis et Platonis decretis," in nine books; "Quod Optimus Medicus sit quoque Philosophus;" "Oratio Suasoria ad Artes;" "De Sectis, ad Tirones;" and "De Optima Secta, ad Thrasybulum." His celebrity as a logician appears to have been very great both among the Greeks and Arabians, and his name is still commonly associated with the fourth figure of a syllogism. One short introduction to logic was published for the first time at Paris in 1844, and is the only one of his genuine works on this subject that is now extant.
Galen's works have been published in a Latin translation more than twenty times. The earliest edition appeared at Venice, 1490, fol. 2 vols.; and much improved editions were published in the sixteenth century by the Juntas at Venice, and by Froben at Basle. The Greek text has been published four times; first at the Aldine press, Venice, 1525, fol. 5 vols.; next at Basle, 1538, fol. 5 vols.; thirdly, together with the books of Hippocrates, with a Latin translation at Paris, 1679, fol. 13 vols., edited by Chartier, and finished after his death; and fourthly at Lepsic, 1821-33, 8vo, 20 vols., edited by Kühn, with a Latin translation, and the addition of several treatises that had never before been published. There is no complete translation of his works into any modern language, but some of the most important have been translated into French by Dr. Daremberg, and published at Paris, 1854, with copious and valuable notes.
For further information respecting Galen's life and writings, see Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography; Ackermann's Historia Literaria, prefixed to Kühn's edition of Galen's works; Fabricius, Biblioth. Græca; Haller's Biblioth. Anat., Botan., Chirurg., and Med. Pract.; Brucker's Hist. Crit. Philosoph.; and the different histories of medicine by Leclerc, Sprengel, and others. Choulant in his Handb. der Bücherkunde für die Aeltere Medicin, and his Biblioth. Medico-historica, supplies all necessary bibliographical information.—W. A. G.
GALERIUS. See Maximianus.
GALESTRUZZI, Giovanni Battista, Italian engraver, was born at Florence in 1618; settled in Rome, and died there about 1670. He learned painting from Francesco Furini, and engraving from Stefano della Bella. After painting a few pictures, he abandoned the pencil for the burin, with which his success was much greater. He was elected a member of the Academy of St. Luke in 1652. Galestruzzi is perhaps best known by the plates of ancient incised stones in Le Gemme Antiche figurate of Leonardo Agostini: fol. Rome, 1657-59; which were both drawn and engraved by him, and in which the antique feeling is rendered with exquisite truth and grace. He also executed engravings from the designs of Polidoro da Caravaggio, which appeared under the title of "Opere di P. da C.," Rome, 1658; a series of six plates representing the monument of Cardinal Mazarin, Rome, 1661; and engravings of the Mercury and Paris of Annibale Caracci; John the Baptist in Prison of Ricci, &c. He also published numerous etchings.—J. T—e.
GALGACUS or GALGACUS, was a celebrated chieftain of the ancient Caledonians who, chosen on account of his birth and military skill to lead the tribes that had combined from a sense of common danger, resisted the Romans with uncommon valour. When Agricola, in a.d. 84, marched northward as far as the Grampians, he found the Britons under Galgacus encamped in great numbers. Tacitus represents Galgacus as addressing them in a style of noble eloquence, and urging them to fight bravely for the liberties of their country. After a fierce struggle, however, the Britons were defeated with great slaughter. According to Boece, Galgacus lived many years after this event, and died in peace about the year 130.—J. B. J.
GALHEGOS, Manoel de, a Portuguese poet, born in 1597; died in 1665. Although belonging to the Spanish school, he was less infected by its extravagancies than many others; "his language," says Costa y Silva, is in general pure and harmonious, his expression animated and often picturesque, his versification correct and sonorous." His best known work is an epithalamium on the marriage of the duke of Braganza, afterwards John IV. He also wrote a preliminary discourse to the Ulyssea of Pereira de Castro, and in this work is preserved the only lyric poem of his that has come down to us. Galhegos resided during a great part of his life at Madrid, and formed the friendship of Lope de Vega. He wrote many dramatic pieces, all lost, and two Spanish poems of no great merit.—F. M. W.
GALIANI, Ferdinando, was born at Chieti in the Abruzzi on the 2d of December, 1728. His father, who held a very high position in the judicature, sent him in his eighth year, together with an elder brother, to Naples, where he applied himself to classical studies, under the guidance of his uncle, who was then the king's private chaplain. This ecclesiastic having been sent to Rome on political business, took his nephews with him, and placed them under the care of the Celestines, with whom they completed their philosophical and mathematical studies. Ferdinando soon returned to Naples, where he became acquainted with the celebrated Vico, and profited by his instructions. He was scarcely sixteen years of age when he read before the academy of Gli Emuli a dissertation on coins extant at the time of the Trojan war. A short time after he wrote a work on the ancient history of navigation in the Mediterranean. Having been refused, on account of his extreme youth, the honour of reciting some orations before an academy by its president, Galiani patiently awaited an opportunity for taking a signal revenge, and ere long he achieved his purpose in a most witty and merciless manner. It was customary with the members of the academy in question, at the death of any distinguished personage, to recite some compositions relating to the event. Galiani, accordingly, on the death of the public executioner at Naples, wrote several grave dissertations on the subject, imitating so well the president's style and that of some other academicians, that they were taken for the real authors. These witty productions were published at Naples under the title of "Componimenti varj per la morte di Domenico Zannacone carnefice della gran corte della vicaria, raccolti e dati in luce da Gian Antonio Sergio avocato Napoletano." Sergio was president of the academy. Such was the success of this jeu d'esprit that general curiosity was excited regarding the author of it, and at last, through his publisher, he was detected. Fearing the consequences, Galiani frankly avowed his guilt to the king, who readily pardoned him, on condition of his secluding himself for ten days, to be spent in religious exercises. Naples, having become an independent state, was suddenly inundated with visitors from Spain, France, and Germany, who brought with them so much money as for a time seriously to disturb the operations of trade, and to produce a panic in the kingdom. Galiani removed the popular fears by a treatise on coins, which procured him a European reputation. On a tour through the principal cities of Italy, he met everywhere with the most enthusiastic reception, his name being enrolled amongst the members of the Academy of La Crusca, and of many other literary and scientific institutions. Popes and princes vied with each other in bestowing honours and rewards on the young abbé; Zanotti, Maffei, and Winkelmann became his best friends; and whilst first secretary of embassy at Paris, he frequented the most fashionable saloons, and enjoyed the friendship of Grimm, Thomas, Diderot, and Mme. Necker. Marmontel, indulging in some merriment at the attenuated and contemptible appearance of the Italian diplomatist, used to say—"There is the body of a harlequin with the head of a Machiavelli." Having returned to Naples after an absence of many years, Galiani occupied himself principally with mechanics, and with the revision of a translation of Locke, which he had written when yet a youth, for the sole purpose of learning the English language. Attacked by paralysis, Galiani was advised to travel through Italy, and on his way to Venice he visited Tiraboschi at Modena, and Cesarotti at Padua. Feeling, however, no improvement in his health, he returned to Naples, where he died, 30th October, 1787.—A. C. M.
