a monument to him in the church of Sta. Croce in Florence; but the pope would not permit the design to be executed. His body was buried in an obscure corner of the chapel of SS. Cosimo and Damiano, within the convent; and in 1737 his remains and those of Viviani were disinterred, and removed to the spot now marked by the splendid monument erected in that year at the expense of the family of Nelli, the heirs of Viviani. It is situated in the nave to the left of the principal entrance, opposite to that of Michelangelo Buonarotti, near which, on the right hand side, are the tombs of Machiavelli, Dante, and Nobili.
The town and country houses of Galileo are still visited by strangers. The house in Florence, in which he was visited by the Grand-duke Ferdinand II., is No. 1600 in the street La Hosta: the villa of Arcetri, near the tower of San Gallo, where he made his observations, is a large and ugly house, with a nice garden; but it contains no relics of Galileo. The telescopes and other relics of Galileo have been preserved, like those of our Newton, with religious care. The Grand-duke Leopold II., at the expense of £36,000, collected every thing relating to Galileo, and placed them in what is called the Tribune of Galileo, a magnificent apartment attached to the museum of natural history. A statue of the philosopher by Cortili, is placed in the centre. In the adjacent presses are his telescopes and other instruments, and in a glass case his finger that had been stolen by Govi at his disinterment. Here also is exhibited the apparatus used by the Academy del' Cimento. The writer of this article was permitted in 1857 to examine and look through the telescopes. One of them, with which so many great discoveries were made, was plainly fitted up. The object glass was reduced in aperture to one-third of its area by a diaphragm of card, and the field was like a small hole; there was very little colour in the objects viewed, and vision was very distinct when the objects were not luminous. The other telescope had been presented to the grand-duke, and was fitted up in a tube of leather partially gilded.
The most complete edition of Galileo's works was published in 1858 at Florence, in twenty volumes, and edited by Eugenio Albèri. In a series of five articles, published in the Journal des Savans for 1858, M. Biot has endeavoured to show that Galileo was condemned chiefly on account of the personal insults which he had offered to Pope Urban VIII., by representing him in the character of Simplicio, and deriding the arguments for the Ptolemaic system which the pope had used in a private conversation with himself. It is in these enlightened days the policy of Roman catholics to maintain that Galileo was not punished for his opinions, and that scientific truth was not condemned by the inquisition. His breach of promise not to teach his opinions, and his injurious treatment of the pope, are held to be the sole motive for his trial, and the sole ground of his condemnation, In 1825, when Biot was in Rome, he met Father Olivieri, the commissary-general of the inquisition, who suggested to him these views, and in the articles we have mentioned he has defended them with more ingenuity than success. The first article is entitled a Conversation in the Vatican, in which he relates his discussion of Galileo's wrongs with the dominican priest. The other four articles, entitled "La verité sur le procès de Galilée" (the truth in the trial of Galileo), contain the argument on which he relies in supporting the popish dogma and dishonouring the character of Galileo. Baron Plana of Turin, who has just been elected one of the eight foreign associates of the Institute, has published an indignant reply to this attack upon his countryman, and has, we hope, satisfied every reader of his Memoir, that Galileo is entirely innocent of the crime with which he has been so unjustly and ungenerously charged.—(See Note Sur le Procès de Galilée, par Jean Plana, Turin, 1858.) The various documents connected with the trial of Galileo were carried off to Paris in 1812-13, along with other valuable articles from the Roman archives. The pontifical court never ceased to claim them, and they were given back in 1845 on the express condition that they should be printed. In 1848 Pope Pio Nono intrusted them to Monsignore Marino-Marini, the keeper of the court archives, and having been returned to his holiness, they were deposited in 1850 in the library of the Vatican. In 1854 they were published in a mutilated state by M. Marini in a Dissertation entitled Galileo et Inquisitione, "a compilation," as Biot calls it, "without order or method, written in a spirit of angry controversy, in which the partiality of the writer throws a suspicion on the fidelity of his recital." An admirable Life of Galileo, by the late Mr. Drinkwater Bethune, will be found in the Library of Useful Knowledge; and one of a more popular character in Sir David Brewster's Martyrs of Science.—D. B.
GALILEI, Vincenzo, a Florentine gentleman and an amateur musician of great excellence, father of the celebrated astronomer. He was born about 1533, and married in 1562 the daughter of Cosme Venturi, a nobleman of an illustrious family in Pistoja. In conjunction with Giovanni Bardi, count di Vernio, who formed an academy of artists and literati at his own house, Galilei attempted the performance of some fragments or passages from the works of popular poets, which he set to music for his own voice, and accompanied on his favourite instrument the lute. This undertaking was received with great applause; and, as far as we know, it was the first experiment in monody. He published in 1581 "Dialogo della Musica Anticha, e della Moderna in sua differsa, contra G. Zarlino." In this dialogue is preserved a precious fragment of the ancient Greek music. He also published "Il Fromino, Dialogo sopra l'arte del bene intavolare, ed rettamente suonare la Musica, negli Stromenti artificiali, si di corde come di fiato, ed in particolare nel Luito," Venice, 1583. These volumes, in spite of their controversial character, contain much minute and valuable information, well worthy the attention of the student.—E. F. R.
GALITZIN. See Galyzin.
GALL or GAL, St., from whom a flourishing Swiss canton and city derive their name, was a native of Ireland, born in the year 551. He was educated at the famous university of Banchor, where he was carefully instructed in grammar, poetry, and the sacred scriptures. In 585 he followed St. Columbanus to France, and accompanied him to Luxeuil and elsewhere during his exile. When they were about to pass into Italy, St. Gall was detained by illness at Bregentz on the lake of Constance; and after his recovery, having by this time learnt the language, and finding that in this wild frontier district of Austrasia there dwelt a large pagan population, he resolved to remain where he was, and endeavour to convert them to Christ. Plunging into the forest which then covered the country, he chose out a spot for his abode on the banks of the little river Steinaha, and built a small oratory with some huts for himself and twelve fervent disciples, who insisted on following him. This was in 612. In 615 St. Columbanus died at Bobbio, and bequeathed his staff to St. Gall. In the following year the saint refused the bishopric of Constance, which was pressed upon him by the clergy and people, but procured the appointment of John, one of his disciples. On this occasion St. Gall preached an ordination sermon, which is still extant in the Bibliotheca Patrum, and is a very remarkable production. In 625 he was nominated by the monks to the abbacy of Luxeuil, but refused to accept it. He died in 646 at the age of ninety-five years, and was buried at his beloved hermitage. A great monastery was shortly afterwards erected over his remains. St. Gall is sometimes called "the Apostle of the Allemanni."—(Lanigan.)—T. A.
GALL, Franz-Joseph, a physician of Vienna, afterwards resident in Paris, was born in a village of the grand duchy of Baden on the 9th March, 1757 or 1758, and died at Paris, 22nd August, 1828. His father was a merchant and mayor of Tiefenbrun, a village of Suabia. His parents intended him for the church, but his natural bias was towards the profession in which he was destined to attain distinction. Having pursued his studies at Baden, and subsequently at Brucksal and Strasburg, he repaired in 1781 to Vienna, where he took his degree of doctor, and practised as a physician for some years. Dr. Gall is chiefly known as the founder and most zealous promulgator of the system of craniology or cranioscopy, which has been made more widely known in this and other countries by the labours of Dr. Spurzheim and Mr. George Combe of Edinburgh, and is now designated Phrenology. Gall was of a singularly observant turn of mind, and while a boy at school he had occupied himself in remarking the variety of dispositions and mental endowments among his schoolmates. At the same time he observed, that there were certain forms of the head, or of parts of the head, which might be predicated to be uniformly present with certain mental endowments, or traits of character or disposition; and he was led to believe that these forms of the head were the necessary external signs or indications of the mental endowments with which they were respectively found in conjunction. He noticed particularly that the faculty of verbal memory,
