works of the great composers. He spent several years in maturing his system, and gave it to the world in his "Treatise on Harmony" in 1845. The lucid distinction between the laws of the ancient, or strict, or diatonic school, and those of the modern, or free, or chromatic; the regular and comprehensive manner in which these are severally defined; and the original and coherent explanation of the specialities of chromatic harmony—are all novelties in this very remarkable work, which, on that account, have been barriers to its immediate acceptation. But the clearness with which this system unfolds the subject, is such as to give at once greater confidence and greater scope to the student than any other theoretical work in existence; and its value is acknowledged by those who have carefully and candidly studied its principles. The peculiarity of mind which led him to reject established codes, both in medicine and music, led him, also to observe every other object from a novel aspect; and his singular genius amused itself in devising improvements in many mechanical inventions, few of which, however, with all the ingenuity they evince, have come into use.—G. A. M.
DAY, DAYE, or DAIE, John, a celebrated English printer, was born at Dulwich in the county of Suffolk in 1522, and died on the 23rd July, 1584. He began his useful career when he was twenty-two years of age, having entered into a partnership with a William Seres. In 1549 Day removed from his first establishment, a little above Holborn Conduit, to Aldersgate Street, near St. Anne's church. Besides his printing-office, he had several shops in other parts of the town for the sale of his books. He was the first printer who introduced the Saxon character into this country; he also produced books printed in the Italic and Roman characters, and brought Greek types to great perfection. Day enjoyed the patronage of Archbishop Parker, and it is related by Ames, that as he grew rich, he excited the envy of his less fortunate brothers in trade, who endeavoured to hinder the sale of his books. He was the first person honoured with the livery of the Stationers' Company, after they obtained their charter from 'Philip and Mary; he was chosen warden of the same in 1564, 1566, 1571, and 1575, and master in 1580. In those days, and for long after, almost every printer had his own emblem. Many of these were mere quaint crabbed conceits. Day's was quaint, but it was also remarkably beautiful—Love wakening a young man, and pointing to the rising sun, with these words—"Arise, for it is Day." This was not meant merely as a play on his own name; it was purposely emblematic of the circumstances of the time in which he lived, and of the high aim which lent a peculiar dignity to his comparatively humble labours: for the Reformation was at that time struggling to establish itself in England, and Day, being a zealous protestant, worked faithfully in the service of the cause. Especially did his valuable editions of the bible contribute to propagate and confirm the reformed doctrines amongst his countrymen. Foxe's Acts and Monuments, with its portraits of the reformers and pictures of the horrible sufferings of the martyrs, tended in the same direction. This book, published in folio by Day in 1562, and again in 1570, is now extremely rare and much sought after. Day published also Cunningham's Cosmographical Glasse, Roger Ascham's, and many other standard works.—He was succeeded by his son Richard, who established the distinction between i and j, and u and v.—R. M., A.
DAY, Stephen, the first printer in New England, was born in England about 1611, and emigrated to Massachusetts in 1638. A printing-press, said to have been given by some friends to the colony in Holland, was established at Cambridge in March, 1639, and Day was employed upon it. Its first productions were "The Freeman's Oath," a form of engagement to be taken by all who were admitted to the right of suffrage, and an "Almanac," calculated by William Pierce, mariner. Next appeared a version of the Psalms in metre, not very remarkable for tunefulness, prepared by Eliot, Welde, and Mather. Two licensers of the press were appointed in 1662; but six years afterwards they allowed Thomas à Kempis' De Imitatione Christi to be printed; and this caused so much alarm, that the magistrates prohibited printing for a time. Day died in Cambridge, December 22, 1668.—F. B.
DAY, Thomas, born in London in 1748; died on 28th September, 1789. While yet a child he lost his father, and was committed to the care of his mother, who appears to have discharged her duty well in giving him the best education. As his means were independent, he was free to indulge the views of a benevolent though somewhat eccentric disposition; and after having been pro forma called to the bar he left England upon an extensive continental tour, with a view of studying mankind under various aspects. Being disappointed in a love affair, he conceived the notion of educating two foundlings to test experimentally some of his own educational theories, purporting, in the event of a successful result, to make one of them his wife. He was not more fortunate than other visionaries, and so he contented himself with settling the two subjects of his plans by marrying them to unphilosophic tradesmen, himself marrying a lady in his own sphere, who had the merit of appreciating his character and conforming to his peculiarities. In carrying out his philanthropic views he wrote several pieces both in prose and poetry. Of these one only, "The History of Sandford and Merton," was destined to attain to popularity, and the hold it has taken upon the young will give it a permanent place in English literature. Day died as he lived, eccentric to the last. Carrying his educational principles to the lower class of animals, he was thrown from a young horse whom he had under his especial pupilage, and killed.—J. F. W.
DAY, Thomas, LL.D., an American jurist, was born July 6, 1777, graduated at Yale college in 1797, and began the practice of law two years afterwards at Hartford, Connecticut. In 1810 he was appointed secretary of state for Connecticut, an office which he held for a quarter of a century, being also a judge of the county court. He reported the decisions of the supreme court of errors from 1805 to 1853. He also edited several volumes of English law works, all his legal publications amounting to over forty volumes. He was an active member of the Connecticut Historical Society, and of several other literary and charitable associations. He died in March, 1855.—F. B.
DAYTON, Jonathan, an American legislator, was born in New Jersey in 1756, and graduated at Princeton college in 1776. Eleven years afterwards, he was a member of the memorable convention which met at Philadelphia, and there formed and promulgated the constitution of the United States. He was a representative in congress from 1790 to 1799, and during the last four of these years he was speaker of the house. As a politician he belonged to the federalist party, but owing to the spirited course which he advocated in congress against the aggressions of the British government prior to 1794, he was supported in some measure by both parties. While in the senate, he opposed the repeal of the judiciary act passed towards the close of Mr. Adams' administration. After leaving congress, Mr. Dayton became concerned in some inexplicable way in the wild enterprise of Aaron Burr in the West, and was indicted for treason. But when Burr himself was acquitted, the indictments against his supposed accomplices were abandoned. Dayton died at Elizabethtown, N.Y., October 9, 1824.—F. B.
DEARBORN, Henry A. S., an American politician and man of letters, the son of General H. Dearborn of the revolutionary war, was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, in 1783. He practised law, and also held many offices of trust, being of the convention to revise the constitution in 1820, a member of the legislature, and for two years a representative in congress. He wrote frequently for the periodicals on the subjects of agriculture and horticulture, and published an elaborate memoir "On the Commerce of the Black Sea," two vols., 8vo, and a quarto volume of maps; "Letters on Internal Improvements;" a "Life of Commodore Bainbridge," and one of his own father. He died July 29, 1851.—F. B.
DEBACQ, Charles Alexandre, a French artist of modern times, born 1804, and died 1850, in Paris. Endowed with extraordinary versatility of conception, he produced a large number of historical and other subjects, in which he generally strove, and at times with great success, to create the liveliest sensations. A follower of the studies in the French Academy, and a pupil in the atelier of Gros, his works are yet remarkable for earnestness of style. Amongst the paintings recorded by his biographers, and fresh in the memory of students, the most notable are the "Death of Jean Goujon the sculptor," "Jean Palissy the potter, burning his furniture to feed his baking furnaces;" the "Taking of Smyrna by the knights of St. John." Debacq excelled also in portraits and water-colours, and has, by the latter branch especially, largely contributed to the illustration of many a modern publication.—R. M.
DEBAY, or DE BAY, a family of most distinguished artists, originally from Malines in Belgium:—
