he was educated at Pesth, and we find him, while yet scarcely of age, engaged in writing for the journals and periodical literature. To one of the former, the Regelo, he was a constant contributor. He soon began to acquire a reputation, which was established by a poem of singular merit, entitled "Csatar," an epic in nine cantos. Nevertheless, he was poor, and had to eke out a scanty subsistence for himself and his family by that literary drudgery from which only the fortunate few citizens of the republic of letters are exempt; and the poet, whose verses were in every mouth, and whose pen had enriched the annuals, and won the prizes for dramatic compositions in his native tongue, had to edit almanacs, and to write handbooks and dialogues for the use of travellers. It is true he had a poor pittance from some humble post in the library of the university of Pesth, but it only enabled him to live that he might toil and suffer. And so a life of incessant labour soon wrought its usual work. His health failed; his eyes became dim. Paralysis first, and blindness after, for four long years, were added to his sorrows. He died on the 4th of November, 1853, old and feeble, just at the age when more fortunate men are in their prime. His widow and three children had not the means to bury him, so some friends contributed the funds for his funeral. Garay was a true patriot, who had the prosperity of his country ever at heart. His lyrics are deeply imbued with a spirit of nationality. His principal compositions, beside that already mentioned, are "Elizabeth Batori," a five-act drama; a volume of poems, somewhat affectedly entitled "The Pearls of Balatonlake;" the "Arpads," a series of legends; and "Saint Ladislas," in twelve cantos. His works have been translated into German. Garay was a member of the Hungarian Academy.—J. F. W.
GARAY, Don Juan de, a Basque, born in 1541; died about 1582. He went to South America in 1565, and held an appointment under the rude government then established by the Spaniards on the banks of the La Plata. Having received the rank of captain about 1573, he departed, with a few followers, on an exploratory expedition into the interior of South America, engaged in an adventurous warfare with the Charrua Indians, conquered them, and assumed the style, and for a while exercised the authority, of a king. In 1580 the hazardous enterprise of reconstructing Buenos Ayres (founded 1535) in the midst of the warlike Querandis, was accomplished by Don Juan de Garay, on whom, with the rank of lieutenant-general, Philip II. had four years previously conferred the government of the province. Garay laboured earnestly to further the civilization and peaceful settlement of the neighbouring Indians. While on a voyage to Assumption, he and his escort were slain by some natives.—R. V. C.
GARAY, Don Martin de, a Spanish statesman, born in Arragon about 1760. While yet young he entered the army, but he soon made himself known rather by his acquaintance with politics, and his aptitude for the business of the state, than by feats of arms. Previous to the French invasion in 1807, he held the office of governor of Estremadura; and in the following year became a member and secretary-general of the supreme central junta, where his influence was second only to that of Florida Blanca, its president. He afterwards held the post of minister of foreign affairs, and in June, 1810, he received a commission from the regency to report upon the proper mode of convoking the cortes. After the restoration of Ferdinand VII., 6th May, 1814, Garay became minister of finance. In 1816 he proposed a most excellent financial scheme, adopted by the king, 30th May, 1817, which unfortunately raised against him the animosity of the nobility and clergy. In 1818 a letter from the weak-minded monarch, to the effect that "considering the bad health of Don Martin de Garay" the king relieved him of his office, first informed Don Martin that the intrigues of his enemies had succeeded. He retired to Saragossa, and was never recalled to court. Though a member of the council of state in 1820, he did not take any active part in the revolution of that year. He died in 1823.—R. V. C.
GARBETT, James, Archdeacon of Chichester, born in 1773; died 7th September, 1857. He studied at Christ Church, and received his degree of B.A. in 1796, and of M.A. in 1805. In 1813 he obtained a prebendal stall in Hereford cathedral, and in 1839 he was presented with the vicarage of Upton-bishop in Herefordshire. He was latterly professor of poetry in the university of Oxford. He was the author of "De re poetica prælectiones Academicæ," 1846, and "De re critica prælectiones Academicæ," 1847. His "Christ as Prophet, Priest, and King," delivered in eight parts at the Bampton Lecture, 1842; "Christ on Earth, in Heaven, and on the Judgment Seat," 1847; and "The Beatitudes of the Mount, in seventeen sermons," 1853—are most valuable contributions to theology.—R. V. C.
GARBO, Raffaellino del, was born at Florence in 1466, and was the scholar of Filippino Lippi, whom he assisted in the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva. The ceiling of the chapel of St. Thomas Aquinas there was painted by Raffaellino, who was a careful and graceful painter in the earlier portion of his career; but later the cares of a numerous family reduced him to poverty, and he became reckless and indifferent to his art. He painted in fresco and in tempera; his masterpiece is considered the "Resurrection of Christ," now in the Florentine Academy. He died in 1524.—(Vasari, Vite, &c.)—R. N. W.
GARCAO or GARCAM, Pedro Antonio Correa, a Portuguese poet, born in 1724. He appears to have spent a large portion of his life in a villa named Fonte Santa, near Lisbon, in obscurity and sometimes poverty, and to have had a numerous family. In 1771 he was thrown into prison by the minister Pombal; and, after an imprisonment of a year and a half, died in November, 1772, just as he was about to be released. The cause of his imprisonment has been variously stated; but most probably it was connected with some satirical allusions in his poems. Garçao shares with Ferreira the title of the Portuguese Horace; but he did not, like the latter, imitate merely the tone and spirit of the Roman—he laboured, and with, perhaps, as much success as was possible, to introduce into Portuguese literature even the Horatian metres. Among his lyric works is a Pindaric ode, with strophes, antistrophes, and epodes, and a dithyrambic, which, says Bouterwek, is somewhat cold. His epistles and satires partake of the true Horatian gaiety. As a dramatic poet he satirized the prevailing taste in a comedy of small pretensions entitled "Theatro novo, drama." There is also a comedy of his entitled "Assemblea ou Partida," in one long act, which furnishes an example of the manner in which he would have reformed the national drama in the classic style, with due regard to the tastes and requirements of modern times. The half-comic "Cantata of Dido," which is attached to this work contains some magnificent verses. In addition to the works above named, the collected edition, Lisbon, 1778, contains his discourses before the Academy on the revival of the national theatre.—F. M. W.
GARCAO STOCKLER, Francisco de Borja, a Portuguese general and mathematician, born in 1759. He was one of the earliest members, and afterwards the secretary of the Portuguese Academy of Sciences. He published in the first volume of the Transactions an essay on the true principles of the method of fluxions, and afterwards several others on mathematical subjects, which were republished in his collected works, 1805 and 1826. In 1819 he was in Paris, and published a history of mathematics in Portugal. In 1820 he was named governor-general of the Azores and baron of Laguna. He returned to Portugal, where he died in 1829.—F. M. W.
GARCIA FERNANDEZ I., Count of Castile, born in 938, succeeded his father, the renowned Fernan Gonzalez, first independent count, in 970. His reign was a series of conflicts, first against the counts of Velez, rival pretenders to the sovereignty; then against the Moors of Cordova, whom he defeated in three great battles, the most important being that gained over Almanzor at Osma in 984; and against his rebellious son Sancho. Garcia was killed in battle against the Moors in 1005.—F. M. W.
GARCIA, Diego, a Portuguese navigator, who probably made one voyage to South America about 1510; was despatched a second time by Charles V. to Rio de la Plata in 1526, with Rodrigo de Arca as his pilot, and anchored at San Vicente in 1527. Here he found a Portuguese who had lived in those parts for thirty years; but how he came thither is not known. Garcia arrived in time to aid in the exploration of the Uraguay, and to afford succour to Sebastian Cabot, who had sailed with a Spanish fleet some months earlier, and was involved in hostilities with the Indians. The exploration of Paraguay was partially carried out during this expedition. Garcia returned to Europe, and probably gave his name to the island of Diego Garcia in the Indian ocean.—F. M. W.
GARCIA, Manuel del popolo Vicenti, the famous tenor singer, was born at Seville, 22nd January, 1775, and died at Paris, 2nd June, 1832. In 1781 he was placed in the cathedral choir of his native city, and there being at that time no
