Gethin-grott in Ireland, was born in 1676. Gifted with fine talents and liberally educated, she early attained in a wide circle of acquaintance a reputation for very remarkable literary ability. That this reputation was not undeserved is evident from the collection of essays which was published a few years after her death, under the title of "Reliquiæ Gethinianæ," &c. This volume consists of short discourses and fragments upon topics of moral and social interest, written at various times, and probably without any intention of publication. In the perusal of these the reader is not unfrequently reminded of the pregnant phrases and felicitous allusions, the profound sagacity and genial wit of Bacon, with whose writings Lady Gethin was familiar. Lady Gethin died in 1697, and was buried at Hollingbourne in Kent. A monument was erected to her memory in Westminster abbey.—J. B. J.
GEULINX, Arnold, a celebrated Cartesian philosopher, was born at Antwerp in 1625, and became professor at the university of Löwen in 1646. The study of Luther's works made such an impression on him, that he became a protestant in 1658. He soon after obtained the chair of philosophy at the university of Leyden, where he died in 1669. His works on physics, logic, and metaphysics are numerous. Many of them were printed after the author's death. Geulinx lived for many years in the most abject poverty; according to some of his biographers he died of absolute starvation.—F. M.
GEVARTIUS, Johann Caspar, a distinguished Belgian philologist and historian, was born at Antwerp in 1593, and educated at the jesuit colleges of Löwen and Douay; resided for several years at Paris, occupying himself with historical studies; and on his return became town-clerk of his native city. Ferdinand III. elevated him in 1641 to the rank of imperial councillor and historiographer, and conferred on him various other honours. He died at Antwerp in 1666. Of his very numerous works the most notable are—"Lectiones Papinianeæ;" "Electorum libri tres;" "Elogia Imperatorum Austriacorum;" and "Imperatorum Romanorum Icones."—F. M.
GEYER, Karl Andreas, was born at Dresden on the 30th November, 1809, and died on the 21st November, 1853. His natural abilities excited the attention of Mr. Mark, who caused him to be instructed in Latin. He used to prosecute his study of the language while sitting in the market at Dresden selling the produce of his father's garden. In 1826 he entered the garden at Zabelitz as an apprentice, and in 1830 he was removed to the botanic garden at Dresden. He attended the lectures on botany given by Professor Reichenbach. In February, 1834, he left Dresden for North America, in order to explore its botanical treasures. Here he led a very chequered life. During summer he collected plants, and during winter he engaged in various employments. In 1835 he visited the plains of the Missouri, and in 1836 the country between that river and the Mississippi. In 1840 he investigated the flora of St. Louis; in 1841 he visited the lower Iowa country; in 1842 the territory of Illinois; and in 1844 the Oregon district. On 13th November, 1844, he left Vancouver's Island, and, touching at the Hawaiian group, he reached England in May, 1845. He spent several months at Kew arranging his collection of plants, and returned to Dresden in September. He commenced a nursery near Dresden, and during his leisure hours gave instructions in botany and on the English language. During the last three years of his life he edited a horticultural journal. The account of the plants collected in his American travels, is given in Hooker's London Journal of Botany.—J. H. B.
GEZELIUS, George G., born in 1736; died in 1789; royal chaplain and parish priest of Lillkyrka in Nerike. He edited the "Biographiskt Lexikon öfver namnkunnige ach lärde Svenske Man," 1778, 3 vols., with a supplement, 1787.—M. H.
GEZELIUS, Johan, Bishop of Abo, born of peasant parents on 3rd February, 1615, at Gesala in Vestmanland, whence he took his name. He first studied at Upsala, and afterwards at Dorpat, where in 1641 he became professor of Greek and the oriental languages. In Dorpat he published his "Grammatica Græca," 1647—16th edition, 1813; which, for upwards of half a century maintained its place in the Swedish and Finnish schools. In 1649 he removed to Skedvi in Dalecarlia, as parish priest, and in 1660 was appointed superintendent at Riga, whence he returned to Livonia, and occupied himself with a new Lettish catechism, and in subduing the disorders which, during the previous war, had crept into the church. In 1664 he was appointed bishop of Abo, and now laboured with unabated zeal for all that concerned the spiritual and educational advancement of Finland. He wrote in Finnish a larger and lesser catechism, which are still in use in northern Finland; and also published a revised hymnbook. In 1670 he commenced, assisted by his sons, a new Swedish translation of the Bible, which, however, he did not live to complete, dying on the 20th January, 1690.—M. H.
GEZELIUS, Johan G., son of the preceding, born September 6, 1647, became superintendent of Narva in 1681, and bishop of Abo on the death of his father, whose translation of the Bible he completed. He himself published the New Testament, 1711-13; but it was not till after his death, 18th April, 1718, that the Old Testament was given to the public, 1724-28.—M. H.
* GFROERER, August Friedrich, a German theological writer, was born on 5th March, 1803, at Calw, kingdom of Wurtemberg, and studied theology at Tübingen. In 1830 he was appointed librarian at Stuttgard; in 1846 professor of history at Freiburg; and in 1848 was elected a deputy to the Frankfort national assembly. He embraced the Roman catholic faith in 1853. Among his works, the "History of Gustavus Adolphus," third edition, 1852; and the "History of the Christian church," 4 vols., enjoy the greatest esteem.—K. E.
GHAZAN KHAN, one of the descendants of Gengis Khan, born in 1274, was the seventh Mongul sovereign of Persia. This western portion of the great empire seems to have become virtually independent under Hulaku Khan, about the middle of the thirteenth century. Argoun Khan, grandson of Hulaku and fourth monarch of that dynasty, was succeeded by one of his brothers; and the assassination of the latter placed on the throne the representative of another branch of the family. But Ghazan, who was a son of Argoun and governor of Khorassan, took the field against the usurper, and with the aid of the Emir Newrooz, secured the sovereignty in 1294. Newrooz was soon afterwards put to death on suspicion of traitorous designs in Khorassan, of which province he had been appointed governor. The vizier also was condemned and executed; the confiscation of his great wealth, it is said, rather than his mismanagement of the finances, being the motive of his arrest and sentence. The administration of Ghazan, however, seems to have been characterized by much equity and wisdom. History records in illustration of this, that he was accustomed to hold in person supreme courts of justice, where his subjects might bring under his own cognizance whatever complaints they had against his deputies and officers. Towards the close of his reign he invaded Syria, defeated near Hems the troops of the Egyptian sultan under his son Nasser, and occupied the country. After his departure the inhabitants massacred the garrisons which he had left in the principal towns; and in a second expedition which he undertook for the purpose of recovering his former conquest, his army was routed by Nasser in the vicinity of Damascus. He did not long survive the disaster his death having occurred in 1303.—W. B.
GHAZI-HASAN. See Gazi-Hassan.
GHEIAS ED-DIN BULBUN, King of Delhi, ninth of the first Tartar dynasty, died in 1286 (685 of the Hegira), at the age of more than eighty. After a romantic youth, in which he was sold for a slave, he rose into favour at Delhi, and became governor of the Punjab. In 1266, the king of Delhi dying, Gheias ed-Din was unanimously called to succeed him. His government, though terribly cruel, was just and sagacious. He was at one time violently addicted to wine, but on ascending the throne he renounced its use, and carried out a kind of Maine law in his dominions.—W. J. P.
GHEIAS ED-DIN TOGHLUK, King of Delhi, founder of the third Tartar dynasty, was the son of a Turkish slave. Under the name of Ghazi Beg Toghluk he obtained such renown in war, that the people of Delhi called him to the throne in 1321. He assumed the name of Gheias ed-Din (Friend of Religion), and conducted the government with much energy and wisdom. He repaired ancient buildings, constructed new ones, encouraged commerce, patronized the learned, and promulgated a new code of laws. His death, which was caused by the fall of a wooden building, took place in 1325 (725 of the Hegira).—W. J. P.
GHELEN. See Gelenius.
GHERAI. See Dewlet.
GHERARDESCA, Ugolino della, a member of one of the noblest families of Tuscany. A selfish and cruel tyrant, he is indebted for immortality to the records of the horrible punishment inflicted by the Ghibelines of Pisa on him and his children,
