was crowned by the French Academy in 1825. The idea of this book is, that human life is an educational school of which perfection is the end, and that perfection consists in the harmonious development of all man's faculties. While Degerando cannot take his place among the most famous of French philosophers, he is not numbered by his countrymen among the least esteemed; and his mind surveyed a large horizon of thought, although it did not discriminate very accurately the separate objects before it. Degerando died November 9th, 1842, aged sixty-six.—L. L. P.
DE GINCKLE. See Ginkle.
DEICHMANN, Bartholomæus, a Danish bishop, born in 1671 in Copenhagen. After having visited the German and Dutch universities, he was appointed, at the age of two and twenty, army chaplain to the Danish subsidiary troops in Holland, and also accompanied Prince Carl, son of Christian V., in the same capacity through Germany, France, and Italy, and on his return was made priest of Kolding, archdeacon of Odensee, and superintendent in Oldenborg and Delmenhorst, and the following year bishop of Viborg. Here he repaired the old episcopal residence, established a new conventual house, and a widows' fund for the clergy of the diocese. In 1712 he was removed to Christiania, and exercised as bishop there great influence, no less over the temporal than the spiritual affairs of Norway. He was a member of the commission for working the Königsberg silver-mine; for the sale of churches in Norway; for the public national registration of lands, in the operation of which he spent two years in travelling over the whole country; and lastly, of the commission appointed to examine into and punish the illegal conduct of persons high in office. He contributed greatly to the improved trade of Norway in timber and other commodities, and interested himself warmly to obtain for his country a university. On the death of Frederik IV., who had seconded his views, an end was put to all his useful labours. The year after the king's death he was displaced from office, and a prosecution commenced against him; and the following year he died of chagrin.—M. H.
DEICHMANN, Jakob, a well-known Danish man of letters and bookseller, born in Thyland, on July 4, 1788. He became a student in his fourteenth, and took his juridical degree in his eighteenth year; after which he occupied for a short time a place in the revenue office, and afterwards became possessed of an estate in his native place. Nevertheless in 1809 he took upon himself the management of the large bookselling business in Copenhagen, which was established by his father-in-law, Gyldendal, and which bore his name (see Gyldendal). The peculiar qualities of Deichmann fitted him to add still more to the great reputation which the bookselling business of Gyldendal had already acquired. He was remarkable, not alone for strict integrity, remarkable industry, and order in his whole management, but at the same time for unusual cultivation of mind. His vast amount of knowledge, especially of history and general literature; in the living languages, but more particularly as regarded English; of politics and political science, which he cultivated with increased ardour as he advanced in years—rendered him singularly fitted for the head of a large literary concern. Deichmann followed with great interest all the movements and advance of the age, whether as regarded Europe at large, or his country in particular; and in politics he belonged to the moderate liberal party, though he himself took but little part in political life, and was merely, from 1838 to 1840, member of the provincial estates for Roeskilde. He partially gave up his bookselling business in 1846, and wholly in 1850, and died at his estate at Lyngby on August 23, 1853, esteemed and beloved by all those who had learned to know his firm and independent, yet gentle and amiable character.—M. H.
DEINARCHUS, an Attic orator in the third century b.c., was the son of one Sostratis (or Socrates) of Corinth. Educated at Athens under Theophrastus, he acquired a reputation which has placed him, though not in the first rank, among the ornaments of Grecian eloquence. His speeches on political questions, however, were written for the use of others, as he did not possess the rights of an Athenian citizen, and consequently was not allowed to plead in the public assemblies. On the fall of his friend and patron Demetrius Phalareus, he retired into exile, but afterwards obtained permission to return and finish his old age at Athens. Of the hundred and sixty orations which have been ascribed to him only three are extant.—W. B.
* DEINHARDSTEIN, Johann Ludwig, a German dramatic writer, was born at Vienna, 21st June, 1794, and in 1827 appointed professor of æsthetics and literature in his native town. Some years later he became assistant director of the Hoftheater. His numerous dramatic writings (collected in five vols., 1848-51) show little invention, but being generally skilfully managed, have gained him great popularity. His poems, tales, novels, and sketches, are of no great value.—K. E.
DEIOCES, the first king of the Medes, was the son of Phraortes, and reigned b.c. 709-656. His great reputation for virtue, sagacity, and integrity, gained him the election to the throne at a time when the affairs of the country had fallen into great disorder. Deioces set himself with great assiduity to promote the welfare of his subjects. He strove by every means in his power to civilize them. He issued judicious laws, though his administration of justice was severe; and he erected the famous city of Ecbatana, which he made the capital of his kingdom, and compelled a part of his subjects to take up their residence in it. He was succeeded by his son Phraortes..—J. T.
DEIOTARUS, a tetrarch of Galatia, was born about b.c. 115. He assisted the Romans in their Asiatic wars; and in 74 defeated the generals of Mithrades in Phrygia. The Roman senate rewarded his services by conferring on him the title of king, with part of Pontus and Little Armenia. Cicero, during his government of Cilicia, received assistance from him against the Parthians, and remained ever after his steady friend. In the civil war, Deiotarus espoused the cause of Pompey, and was in consequence deprived of part of his dominions by Cæsar, in spite of the intercession of Brutus and Cicero. Deiotarus was subsequently accused by his own grandson. Castor, of having attempted to assassinate Cæsar while the latter was in Asia. But Cicero successfully pleaded the cause of his old friend before the dictator, and the accusation was allowed to drop.—(Oratio pro rege Deiotaro.) His friendship with Brutus led him to take part with him in the second civil war, but in the final struggle for the Roman empire, he supported the cause of Octavius against Antony. Deiotarus is supposed to have died about 40 b.c.—J. T.
DEJOUX, Claude: the life of this distinguished French sculptor is a new instance that the will of genius no impediment can resist. Born in 1731 of poor parents at Vadans, an unknown hamlet at the foot of the Jura mountains, his first destination was a country carpenter's shop. His fate was improved by being removed to another carpenter's—this time in a small provincial town. From thence another step brought him to Lyons, and to the atelier of a common carver in wood. Although petty and almost insensible, yet this progress was of immense value to the future sculptor, as, having become master of the chisel, he started full of confidence for Marseilles, there to try his skill amongst the boat-builders. But when he arrived at that place all his plans were upset. Strolling about in search of work, he happened to see some of the masterly work of Puget, and immediately the inner spark was fired. It is no more to the production of monstrous figure-heads that he intends to apply his skill. It is to the grand art, such as it is represented by the wonders before him; it is to real sculpture that he feels himself called. But how can he reach such a distant goal? Certainly not in the dirty docks of Marseilles! As a Frenchman it is to Paris that he must turn his steps; there is scope, there are the means to embody the suddenly-started but already deeply-rooted aspiration. After incredible difficulties had been overcome, both in the way of preparing for the journey and in executing it, he arrived in Paris, and had the good fortune to encounter his friend and fellow-countryman, Pierre Julien, a workman to Coustou the sculptor. Through this friend's intercession, admitted also to the studio of the latter, Dejoux' artistical career, scarcely begun, most rapidly proceeds, and in an almost incredibly short time we find him able to study at Rome; and six years later, on his return from Italy, he is admitted to the Academy of Painting and Sculpture of Paris. From that moment honours and commands are heaped upon him; in short, all his dreams and aspirations are realized and satisfied. But just when, in the full display of his undoubted talent, he had completed a colossal statue of General Dessaix, a work universally approved of, the plaster model of it having been sent to be cast in bronze without his knowledge or interference, he felt so hurt by this insult or neglect, that he immediately left Paris for his native village; and never moved from thence again. This voluntary exile from
