rational, intelligent, and impressive; obtained a wide circulation in their day; and exercised a beneficial influence on the upper and middle classes of society. His poems, descriptive and pastoral, do not rise above the level of mediocrity. His sermons have received the commendation of so eminent a judge of preaching as Robert Hall. A life of munificent but unobtrusive benevolence conducted him gently to the grave at the ripe age of eighty-seven. He died at Yoxall Lodge, near Barton, Stafford.—R. H.
GISEKE or KOESZEGHI (as his name was pronounced in Hungarian), Nicolaus Dietrich, a German poet, was born at Czoba in Hungary, April 2, 1724, and educated at Hamburg. He studied theology at Leipsic. In 1754 he was appointed oberhofprediger at Quedlinburg, and in 1760 superintendent at Sondershausen, where he died February 23, 1765. He was a friend of Klopstock's. His poetical works were edited after his death by his friend K. Ch. Gärtner.—K. E.
GISLESON, Henrietti Jac. Mart, (née Vibe), a Norwegian authoress, was born at Bergen in 1809. Her writings are distinguished by an earnest christian spirit, and much feminine purity and grace. They have been translated into various languages. She died at Tromsö, of which place her husband is bishop, in 1859.—M. H.
GIULINI, Giorgio, an eminent archæologist and historian, born at Milan, 16th July, 1714. He studied under the jesuits, and at seventeen took the degree of doctor of laws. About 1764 he was a conspicuous member of the Academy of the Transformati, where he read many of his erudite papers on subjects of archæology. His great work, a "History of Milan from the time of Charlemagne," occupied him twenty years. Maria Theresa granted him a pension, and his fellow-citizens made him chief-magistrate and historiographer. Giulini left many works still in MS. He died 25th December, 1780.—A. C. M.
GIULIO ROMANO or GIULIO PIPPI. See Romano.
GIUSTI, Giuseppe, an Italian satirist, born at Monsuannano near Pescia, studied law at the university of Pisa, and took the degree of doctor. His favourite reading, however, was the works of Juvenal, Horace, and Persius. He published in succession eighty-seven satires, the vigour and originality of which rank him with the foremost poets of modern Italy. In 1848 he was elected a member of the Tuscan parliament under Capponi's administration; but on the fall of the ministry he was accused of reactionary tendencies, and with such animosity as fatally to injure his health. He died at Florence in 1850.—A. C. M.
GIUSTINIANI, Agostino, a learned Italian orientalist, born at Genoa in 1470. He entered the Dominican order at the age of fourteen, but was rescued from conventual imprisonment shortly afterwards, and sent to Valencia in Arragon, where he indulged in such dissipations as soon endangered his life. In 1488 he went to Pavia, and again joined the Dominicans. His favourite studies afterwards were Greek, Hebrew, and Chaldee; and on the nomination of Francis I. he became professor of Hebrew in the university of Paris. He corresponded with Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. He was bishop of Nebbio in Corsica, and on a voyage from Genoa to that island he perished in a storm in 1536.—A. C. M.
GIUSTINIANI, Bernardo, an Italian historian, born at Venice, 6th January, 1408, studied under Guarino of Verona and George of Trebizond, and at the age of nineteen was invested with the dignity of senator. During his residence as ambassador at Paris, he was knighted by Louis XI. He was admitted into the Council of Ten in 1485. He died in 1489. His "History of Venice" is highly praised by Foscarini.—A. C. M.
GJOERANSON, Johan, a learned Swede of the eighteenth century, who entered early on the ecclesiastical career, and attained to the office of archdeacon. He is principally known by his labours on the antiquities of the North. He undertook to give a new edition of the Edda, but did not complete it, nor did the parts he produced add greatly to his reputation. He also published "Katlinga," a review of the literature and religion of the Goths in Sweden, and "Bautel," or Runic inscriptions on Swedish stones, from the year of the world 2000 to a.d. 1000.—M. H.
GJOERWELL, Carl Christophersson, a Swedish litterateur of great industry and merit, was born at Landskrona, 10th February, 1731. During 1750 and the following year, he t ravelled through Denmark, Holland, and France, making himself familiar with the literature of those countries. In 1755 he entered the royal library of Stockholm as amanuensis-extraordinary, with the title of librarian. He is properly speaking the founder in Sweden of the Literary Journal; and for nearly half a century he carried on the "Svenska Mercurius," the "Kangl. Bibliathekets tidningar om lärda Saker," &c. Whilst he directed the public attention to the polite literature of other countries, he was the first who endeavoured to stem the tide of French taste which was then overflowing the mind of his country. He introduced into his journal, besides literary notices and critiques, a great deal of valuable historical research and knowledge, which afterwards formed many distinct volumes, as "Svenska Bibliotheket," "Svenska Anekdoter," "Svenska Archiverna," and "Collectio Gjörwelliana." He also produced various reading books; and published many valuable original works He died at Stockholm, August 26th, 1811.—M. H.
GLABER, Rodolphe or Raoul: the date of his birth not recorded; died in 1050. Rodolphe was author of a chronicle extending from the year 900 to 1046, which is among the valuable monuments of French history. It is reprinted in all the great collections, and is translated in the sixth volume of M. Guizot's. In it the author gives some account of himself, from which it would appear that an uncle compelled him to enter into monastic life; that he took the vows in the monastery of St. Léger des Champeaux very reluctantly; that he was soon expelled from that community, and found a temporary place of shelter in others, and at last rested at Cluny, where he wrote his chronicle. He had some skill in the fabrication of Latin verse, for the twenty-two altars of the cathedral of St. Germain d'Auxerre were each ornamented with hexameters of his compositions; and he performed the same service for the tombs of the saints interred there.—J. A., D.
GLABRIO, Manius Acilius, the most celebrated member of the Roman family of Acilia, lived during the second century before Christ. He was tribune of the plebs 201 b.c.; prætor in 196; and consul in 191, along with P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. He was appointed to the command of the army sent to Greece to oppose Antiochus king of Syria; and having united his forces with those of Philip king of Macedon, at this time the ally of the Romans, he subdued the whole of Thessaly, crossed the Spercheus and ravaged Phthiotis. He encountered Antiochus at Thermopylæ, and inflicted upon him a decisive defeat. After this action, the Bœotians, who had been the allies of the Syrian king, made their submission, and were treated with clemency by Glabrio; but the town of Coronea, which had erected a statue to Antiochus, was destroyed by his soldiers. After this success the consul overran Eubœa; beseiged and captured Chalcis, Heraclea, Lancia, and other towns; and defeated the Ætolians, who had embraced the cause of Antiochus. Glabrio, on his return to Rome, was honoured with a triumph.—J. T.
GLADSTONE, Sir John, Bart., an eminent British merchant, was the son of Mr. Thomas Gladstone, a shopkeeper in Leith, and was born in 1764. He went to Liverpool at the age of twenty-two, and entered the employment of Messrs. Currie & Co., corn-merchants in that town; he was afterwards associated with them in partnership. He subsequently engaged in general commercial pursuits, and became one of the most eminent and successful citizens of that great commercial emporium. With great shrewdness, energy, and indomitable perseverance, he combined regular and systematic business habits. His foresight and sagacity made him a safe leader in new commercial enterprises; and the first vessel which sailed from Liverpool to Calcutta, after the trade to the East was thrown open, was sent out by him. He also took a prominent part in promoting the various public institutions connected with Liverpool. He showed the strong attachment which he always entertained for his native town, Leith, by the erection and endowment of a church there, and the establishment of an asylum for the support of females labouring under incurable diseases. Sir John sat for a number of years in parliament, and was a staunch supporter of the tory party. He was created a baronet in 1846; and died in 1852.—J. T.
* GLADSTONE, William Ewart, the Right Honourable, First Lord of the Treasury, one of the most prominent of living British statesmen, was born at Liverpool on the 29th December, 1809. He was the fourth son of Sir John Gladstone, noticed above; his mother was a daughter of Provost Robertson of Dingwall. He was educated and distinguished himself at Eton, and proceeded thence to Christ Church, Oxford, where he took a double first class in 1831, and was the contemporary of his present colleague, Mr. Sidney Herbert.
