he very frankly allowed that it might be described as "a leap in the dark." Without such a leader in the house of lords, even the tactics of Mr. Disraeli must have failed in the commons. The bill was passed, and the inevitable consequences, the return of the liberals to power, were not long delayed. Meanwhile, after Lord Derby's retirement, on account of indisposition, in 1868, it was unavoidable that the conservative party should submit to the leadership of Mr. Disraeli, who was made premier in 1869. It soon became evident that he was not prepared to develop the consequences of the measure which, by a bold form of conveyance, he had made his own. He appeared to regard it as final; but though great in its main principles, it was not without such defects and inconsistencies as were sure to provoke further demands. It left, in fact, some materials for a new reform controversy, especially on the respective proportions of the borough and the county franchise, and the redistribution of seats. The conservative premier's controversy with parliament was terminated by the general election of 1868, when Mr. Gladstone was rejected by South Lancashire and returned for Greenwich. The result of the general election was so greatly in favour of the liberal party, that Mr. Gladstone was at once called upon to form a new ministry, in which Mr. Bright accepted the presidency of the board of trade. The chief subject of debate, during the ensuing session, was the disestablishment of the Irish church. On this measure the administration gained the general support of the English nonconformists, who regarded it as a forerunner of the separation of church and state in England. Mr. Gladstone contended that the measure did not contravene the general principle of a union of the church with the state. He based his own support of the measure on the fact that the established protestant church in Ireland, representing but a small minority of the people, was an exceptional and anomalous case, and on the expediency of removing all real grievances in Ireland, in order to consolidate its union with England. The second reading of the Irish church bill was attended with the re-appearance of Lord Derby in the house of peers, in order to exhort them to reject the measure; and after it was passed, he concluded his political life by signing, with a conservative minority of peers, a protest against the act of disestablishment. The Irish land bill was the next great measure passed by the Gladstone ministry. The education bill followed, being ably carried through by Mr. Forster. The army regulation bill and the abolition of purchase was carried in the commons, but rejected in the lords, upon which Mr. Gladstone resorted to the unusual means of a royal warrant for abolishing purchase. It might be a sufficient commendation of the administration in 1870-71 to say that, during that time of difficulty in our foreign relations, the neutrality and the honour of England were vigilantly maintained, while such efforts as were possible were made to mediate in the contest of France against Germany. As head of the administration, Mr. Gladstone has done enough towards the advancement of political liberty to entitle him to the enduring gratitude of his countrymen.—R. H.
GLANVIL, Sir John, an eminent English lawyer, was the son of John Glanvil of Tavistock, Devon, and was born about the year 1590. He was educated at Oxford and bred an attorney; but, after having followed that profession for some time, he studied common law at Lincoln's inn. He obtained great celebrity as a barrister, was appointed Lent reader of Lincoln's inn, and in 1639 was made serjeant-at-law. He was elected recorder of Plymouth, and represented that borough in several parliaments. He was chosen speaker of the short parliament, which assembled in April, 1640, and displayed great activity and zeal in promoting the views of the king and in defending the royal prerogative. He was rewarded with the office of one of the king's serjeants, and in the following year received the honour of knighthood. When a collision took place between the king and the parliament, Sir John Glanvil adhered to the royal cause, and followed his majesty to Oxford. He incurred in consequence the displeasure of the parliament, was expelled from his seat in 1645, and committed to prison, where he remained until 1648, when he was set at liberty on making his submission to the new government. At the Restoration Sir John was restored to his office of king's serjeant; but died soon after in 1661. He was both an able lawyer and a powerful speaker. His "Reports of Cases of Controverted Elections" were published in 1775 by Topham.—J. T.
GLANVILL, Joseph, an eminent philosophical and religiou writer, was born at Plymouth in 1636, and educated in Oxford where he took his degree of M.A. in 1658. Professing the principles of the Commonwealth, he found his first patron in Francis Rous, whom Cromwell had made provost of Eton college, and who appointed him his chaplain; but upon the death of Rous soon afterwards, he returned to Oxford, and at the Restoration saw cause to conform to the national church. He continued, however, to be a fervent admirer of the writings and character of Richard Baxter, and would have published a vindication of him against the calumnies of his enemies, had not Baxter generously dissuaded him from a step which would have been fatal to his prospects of promotion in the church. Having turned his attention about this time to the new inductive philosophy, which was beginning to occupy the public mind, he published, in 1661, a work in defence of its principles, entitled "The Vanity of Dogmatizing." This work procured him many friends among the members of the Royal Society; and upon the republication of it in an improved form in 1665, with the title "Scepsis Scientifica, or confessed ignorance the way to science," he was chosen a fellow of the society. Meanwhile, by the favour of Sir James Thynne, he had been appointed vicar of Frome-Selwood in Somersetshire; and in 1666 he was inducted to the rectory of the Abbey Church of Bath. His powers as a preacher were much admired, and his promotion in the church was rapid. In 1672 he was made one of the chaplains-in-ordinary to Charles II.; and in 1678 one of the prebendaries of Worcester. He died at Bath, November 4, 1680. In addition to the philosophical pieces already mentioned, he published, in 1668, "Plus Ultra, or the progress and advancement of knowledge since the days of Aristotle;" in 1671, "Philosophia Pia, or a discourse of the religious temper and tendency of the experimental philosophy which is professed by the Royal Society;" and in 1676, a volume of "Essays on several important subjects in philosophy and religion," and a treatise called "Antifanatic Theology and Free Philosophy," which has been described as a kind of supplement to the New Atlantis of Bacon. He also gave to the world several theological works, the principal of which was a visitation sermon in 1670. being "A Seasonable Recommendation and Defence of Reason in the affairs of Religion against Infidelity, Scepticism, and Fanaticism of all sorts; ' an "Essay concerning Preaching," in 1678; and "The Zealous and Impartial Protestant," in 1680. It is a curious fact, that the author of such enlightened works, both in philosophy and religion, should also have written much in defence of the reality of witches and witchcraft.—P. L.
GLANVILLE, Ranulphus de, born at Stratford, Suffolk, an ancient text writer of English law, chief-justiciary of England in the time of Henry II. In 1175 he was justiciar-itinerant, and in 1180 chief-justiciar. He accompanied the king's son, John, to Ireland. He assisted as chief-justiciary at the coronation of Richard I., but soon after resigned his office, joined the crusaders, and died at Acre in 1190. He is deemed to have been the author of a treatise on the laws and customs of England, which is the oldest book extant of home law. Of this it bears some internal evidence—the author apologising for setting down customs for the benefit of lawyers and non-lawyers as a novelty in law writing. As a collection of customs dating from a period so near the Conquest, and as evidence of the state of the ancient constitution, it is still worth study. It was first printed in 1554, and translated in 1812, by J. Beames, Esq.—S. H. G.
GLAPHYRA, the mother of Archelaus, king of Cappadocia, was a person of great beauty, but of profligate character. Her criminal connection with Antony procured for her son the throne, to which he was raised, 36 b.c., by the influence of the triumvir, and which he occupied for more than half a century.—W. B.
GLAREANUS, Henricus Loritus, an eminent humanist, poet, and musician of the Reformation period, was born at Mollis, canton of Glarus in Switzerland, in June, 1488. He was on friendly terms with Erasmus, Zwingle, Œcolampadius, and other friends of reform, and as late as 1523 congratulated Zwingle on the success of his labours at Zurich; but soon afterwards his views and feelings in reference to the Reformation, like those of Erasmus, underwent a change, and towards the end of his life he could even rejoice in the bloody persecutions of the English Mary. The value of his labours in Roman history and literature has been acknowledged by writers like Niebuhr; but the most celebrated of his pieces was a musical work
