not fill long, for Napoleon, jealous of the military genius already evinced by him insisted on his dismissal from the Prussian service, which accordingly took place. King Frederick William, nevertheless, continued to employ him in various secret missions, and in 1813 eagerly called him back to active service, nominating him major-general in the corps of General Blucher. He soon became the soul of his corps, guiding all its operations, and leaving to Blucher, who was deficient in the science of war, the mere form of command. All the military authorities of the period are unanimous in asserting that it is to Gneisenau alone that the glory of the Prussian victories of 1814-15 is due. After the battle of Leipsic, Gneisenau was nominated lieutenant-general; and when the first peace of Paris was signed, he received a patent of nobility, and an estate worth about 10,000 thalers per annum. The battle of Waterloo gave him the rank of general of infantry, as well as the decoration of the order of the black eagle—the insignia being those once possessed by Napoleon, and found in the imperial carriage on the 18th of June, 1815. After the second peace of Paris, he became commanding general of the Rhenish corps d'armée; in 1818 governor of Berlin and member of the council of state; and in 1825 field-marshal. He died of cholera, August 24, 1831.—F. M.
GOAD, John, a clergyman of the Church of England, eminent as a classical teacher, was born in London, 15th February, 1615, and died 28th October, 1689.
GOBEL, Jean-Baptiste-Joseph, was born at Thann, Alsace, on the 1st September, 1727. He was educated in the German college at Rome, and in 1772 was appointed bishop of Lydda, in partibus infidelium, and suffragan to the bishop of Basle. In 1789 the clergy of Béfort sent him as their deputy to the states-general. Nominated simultaneously to three bishoprics, he chose that of Paris; and, other bishops having refused to install him, that ceremony was performed by the marvellous bishop of Autun, Talleyrand. In 1793 he renounced his office, abjured his faith, laid down his cross and ring, and donned the bonnet rouge. Sinking from bad to worse, he was accused of atheism in common with Hébert and Chaumette, and guillotined in April, 1794.—W. J. P.
GOBELIN: the name of a family celebrated as dyers in Paris from the middle of the fifteenth to the close of the seventeenth century. The Gobelins seem to have been among the first who introduced into France the art of dyeing, which had formerly been completely monopolized by the Italians, and particularly by the Venetians. Their establishment in Paris, called at first by the populace "La folie Gobelin," was situated in the Faubourg Saint Marcel, on the banks of a small stream called the Bièvre, whose waters were believed to be peculiarly suitable for dyeing. The art introduced by the Gobelins proved to them highly remunerative, and their wealth soon enabled them to purchase nobility, and to compete for the dignities of the state. The trade of dyeing, however, was still carried on in 1584 by some members of the family in the Rue de Bièvre, now "Rue des Gobelins."—R. V. C.
GOCLENIUS, Conrad, German philologist, born in 1455 at Mengerich in Westphalia; died in 1535. Published "Scholia in Tullii Officia" and "Luciani Hermotinum, sive de sectis philosophorum." He is chiefly known by a correspondence between him and Erasmus.—J. A., D.
GOCLENIUS, Rudolf, an eclectic philosopher of some renown, born at Korbach in the principality of Waldeck, Germany, in 1547, and died professor of logic at Marburg in 1628. His most celebrated work is "Isagoge in Organon Aristotelis," a book frequently reprinted, and translated into various modern languages. He wrote various other works.—F. M.
GODART, Jean Baptiste, a French naturalist, was born at Origny-Sainte-Benoite in Picardy on 25th November, 1775, and died at Paris on 27th July, 1823. He went to Rouen, and superintended the lyceum. He afterwards took charge of the lyceum at Nancy, and devoted his attention chiefly to natural science. He cultivated entomology, and wrote a valuable "History of the Lepidoptera of France."—J. H. B.
* GODDARD, Arabella, the eminently popular pianist, was born of English parents at St. Servais in France, January 14, 1836. Her disposition for music induced her parents' removal to Paris, where, in 1842, she played in public. She entered Kalkbrenner's classes, became his favourite pupil, played at his demonstration meetings, and thus acquired some celebrity as La Petite Anglaise. This teacher restricted her practice to his own music and the studies of Cramer and Clementi; by such means he did little to form her style, but he laid the foundation of that truly perfect mechanism which is a most important characteristic of her playing. She was encouraged by Chopin, upon whose advice she practised Bach's fugues. She first came to London in 1846, where she took some lessons of Mrs. Anderson, but soon returned to Paris to resume Kalkbrenner's instructions. She settled in England in 1848; at which time Thalberg was residing here, with whom she studied some of his own pieces. The lessons of this famous pianist were very irregular; but his advice to his young pupil, when he went abroad in 1849, that she should place herself under J. W. Davison for the study of classical music, proved to be above all value for her artistic development; her friends, however, supposed it necessary to her professional advancement that she should court popular applause by playing the brilliant pieces that are most easily appreciable. She made her first important stand before the public at the national concerts, a series of performances given at her Majesty's theatre in the autumn of 1850. In 1851 she placed herself under the direction of the preceptor to whom Thalberg had recommended her, and, by his advice, devoted herself to the study of the pianoforte classics. Her playing from this time assumed a new character, and began to attract the attention and respect of musicians. It was not, however, until 1853, that she fully asserted her claim to the highest consideration, as an exponent of the powers of the instrument and of the masterpieces which have been written for it; when at a concert of the Quartet Association, she played by memory Beethoven's colossal sonata in B flat. Op. 106, it being the first time this remarkable work was ever attempted in public. The excessive mechanical and æsthetical difficulties of the sonata in question, had been unconquered by the greatest masters of the pianoforte, and its beauties were still a mystery even to the greatest lovers of the author. In the summer of 1854 Miss Goddard made a successful tour through Italy and Germany, from which she returned in 1856. She then resumed her studies under the teacher who had educed all that is individual in her playing, and in fact created her style; and, thus prepared, commenced her annual series of pianoforte soirées, in the course of which her performance of the latest and least known works of Beethoven, her revival of the masterpieces of Dussek and Wölfl, and her introduction to this country of many of the compositions of Bach, opened a fresh treasury of music to amateurs of the pianoforte, and displayed her singularly versatile and comprehensive capabilities. In 1858 she married Mr. Davison, to whom she is chiefly indebted for her power to fill the pre-eminent position she holds. Miss Goddard's soirées were discontinued on the establishment of the Monday Popular concerts in 1859, where she has appeared before the general public in the same remarkable capacity, as the interpretress of the great composers, in which she had previously excited the admiration of the most critical circles.—G. A. M.
GODDARD, Jonathan, an English physician, chemist, and botanist, one of the first members of the Royal Society, born at Greenwich in 1617, the son of a rich shipbuilder of Deptford. After four years' study at Magdalen hall, Oxford, he left without a degree in 1636, and spent some time in travelling on the continent. Upon his return to England he graduated as bachelor of medicine in Christ college, Cambridge, and received his diploma from the College of Physicians, 7th November, 1640. On 20th January, 1642, he received, from the university of Cambridge, the degree of doctor of medicine; on 22nd December of the same year he was a candidate of the College of Physicians; and on 14th December, 1646, he obtained a fellowship in that college. He was appointed lecturer in anatomy at Gresham college on 4th March, 1647; and being deeply impressed with the importance to medical science of a thorough experimental knowledge of the human frame, he fulfilled the duties of his office so as to bring himself into general notice. During the civil war Dr. Goddard attached himself to the parliamentarians. As a reward for his fidelity to his party, and as a tribute to his eminent professional skill, he was appointed head physician to the army; and in that capacity he accompanied Cromwell on his expeditions to Ireland in 1649, and to Scotland in 1650. After the battle of Worcester (3rd September, 1651) Dr. Goddard returned to London, and on 9th December of the same year, he received from parliament the wardenship of Merton college, Oxford. That university about the same time conferred upon him the degree of M.D., and he continued at the head of Merton college till he
