was removed by Charles II. on 3rd July, 1660. On 7th November, 1655, he was appointed professor of physic in Gresham college, and this office he held till his death. He took a most active part in the organization of the Royal Society; and when that society was constituted a body corporate, on 22nd April, 1662, he was member of its first council. Several of his communications, principally on chemical subjects, are recorded in the Philosophical Transactions, 1676, and among these is a proposal for making wine from the juice of the sugar-cane. Dr. Goddard, besides his professional labours, occupied himself to some extent with politics, and in 1653 he had a seat in the little parliament as member for Oxford, and was chosen a member of the council of state. On the evening of the 24th of March, 1674, as he was returning from a meeting with some scientific friends, he fell down in an apoplectic fit in Cheapside, and on the same night he expired. Dr. Goddard was the author of "Observations concerning a Tree," 1664; "The Fruit-tree's Secrets," 1664; " Arcana Goddardiana;" and "A Discourse, setting forth the unhappy condition of the practice of physic in London," 1669—in which last mentioned work he urged strenuously that medicines should invariably be prepared, not by apothecaries, but by physicians themselves. Eminent as a physician and as a scientific inquirer. Dr. Goddard was likewise distinguished as a most learned, benevolent, and honourable man.—R. V. C.
GODEAU, Antoine, a French bishop, poet, and church historian, was born in 1605 at Dreux in the diocese of Chartres. The success of a collection of poetical pieces which he published at an early age encouraged him to repair to Paris, where he soon gathered around him a circle of men of kindred spirit, whose réunions were probably the first germs of the French Academy. Godeau was a frequent visitor at the hotel of madame de Rambouillet. Having entered the church, he gave a religious turn to his poetical efforts, and presented to Cardinal Richelieu a paraphrase of the psalm Benedicite omnia opera Domini Domino, which the great statesman read with so much pleasure that he rewarded him with the bishopric of Grasse, wittily remarking, "Vous me donnez Benedicite, et je vous donne Grasse." The duties of a small see left him time to cultivate his favourite art, and in his "Fastes de l'Eglise," he celebrated in no fewer than fifteen thousand lines the most remarkable events in the history of the church. He also vied with the two poets of the French reformation, Marot and Beza, by producing a new version of the Psalms of David, though not with much success. He occupied himself also with writings of a practical and historical kind. His Paraphrases of the Epistles of the New Testament, and his "Morale Chretienne," were specially designed for the use of the clergy of his diocese; and his works in church history, including biographies of St. Paul, Augustine, and others, and his "Histoire de l'Eglise depuis la commencement du monde jusqu'a la fin du huitième siècle," though not worthy to rank with the works of Tillemont, Natalis Alexandre, or Fleury, were recommended to popular use by the felicity of their style, and the skill of selection and presentation which they displayed. The last-named work was soon after its publication translated into Italian by Speroni; and as late as the last quarter of the last century was translated into German. His literary services were rewarded by Pope Innocent X., who presented him to the see of Vence, where he died on the 21st of April, 1672.—P. L.
GODEFROY, Denis, better known to jurists as Dionesius Gothofridus, was born at Paris in 1549. He was an ardent student of literature generally; but the civil law was his chief object, and in pursuance of it he studied under the great teachers at Louvain, Cologne, and Heidelberg. He might have risen to place and eminence in Paris. But the great civil commotions, in which his rival, Barnaby Brissot, was hanged, were raging there during the better part of his life, and unfitted that capital for the residence of a retired industrious student, especially one of the Huguenot persuasion, which he had adopted. He sought an asylum at Geneva, where he was appointed to the chair of law in 1580. Here he had several years of peaceful labour; but the troubles of the times found out the retired scholar at last. When the duke of Savoy invaded Geneva, Godefroy lost his office, and what was dearer to him, his library, and fled to Strasburg, where in 1595 he was made professor of law. In his short introduction to the Corpus Juris, he says pathetically that his annotations would have been more full and complete, had he not had to flee with his family before an armed force, leaving among his other literary treasures a large portion of his own manuscript notes. And yet his critical labours would at the present day seem marvellous as the result of a long life spent in complete literary ease and security. His labours lay in many departments of literature. There are comments on Cicero, Alessandro, Seneca, and Virgil. But the bulk of his works are devoted to jurisprudence. Of these alone the bare titles would fill more than the proper limits of this notice, and it may simply be stated that they will be found at length at the commencement of the second volume of Senebier's Histoire Litteraire de Geneve. His jurisprudential dissertations may be all said, however, to come to a focus in his edition of the Corpus Juris, or only of the Justinian Law. This title, now so familiar, was first applied to its present use by Godefroy, as he was indeed the first to give to the world in a complete and practical shape the great collection on which all our European systems, not even excepting that of England, have to a greater or less extent been founded. The first edition was published at Leyden in 1583. The third edition (the one referred to by the present writer) was printed in 1603, in three volumes folio, and professes to be more accurate and complete than the two preceding. The edition by the Elzivirs in 1663 is understood to be the best. There have been numerous editions of the Corpus according to the text of Gothofridus, but without his notes, in a convenient octavo form for hand use. These notes, so extensive that the text is sometimes merely a narrow strip between them, are still extremely valuable to the civilian. But it is scarcely possible to appreciate their importance to the students of the seventeenth century, for whom they embodied, with reference to each passage in the text, almost everything worth knowing that had been said to illustrate it either by ancient or modern jurists. In 1604 the elector palatine secured the services of this great jurist. He taught at Heidelberg, and returned there to pursue his labours after heading a mission to the court of France; but the troubles of the palatinate came, and drove him in his old age from this honourable retreat. He died at Strasburg in 1622.—J. H. B—n.
GODEFROY, Denis, a French historian, son of Theodore Godefroy, born at Paris, 24th August, 1615; died at Lille in 1681. He succeeded his father in the office of historiographer in 1640. He published an edition of Philippe de Comines, a history of the constables of France, and several historical collections relating to Charles VI., VII., and VIII.—J. S., G.
GODEFROY, Jacques, the younger son of Denis and the inheritor of his fame and abilities as a civilian, was born on the 13th of December, 1587, at Geneva. He was attached all his days to this republic, for which he performed many diplomatic and other public services. A list of his works in the second volume of Senebier (p. 144) has a close generic resemblance to that of his father's. What he is chiefly known by at the present day is the edition of the Theodosian code with notes, a posthumous work published in 1665. He died in 1652.—J. H. B—n.
GODEFROY, Jean, Sieur d'Arimont, son of Denis II., born in 1656 at Paris; died in 1732. He pursued the class of studies which had already distinguished this family of great jurists, and succeeded to public employments left vacant by his father's death. He was keeper of the archives of the chambre des comptes of Lille, and published an edition greatly valued of the Letters of Louis XI., and the Memoirs of Comines. He was one of the writers of the Satyre Ménippée.—J. A., D.
GODEFROY, Theodore, the elder son of Denis I., was born at Geneva in 1580. Abandoning his father's religion, he ceased to enjoy the rights of a citizen of Geneva, and took service in France. He wrote and edited many works connected with history and genealogy—chiefly those of France. He was among the first to edit the historical memoires of which that country preserves so valuable a store. He wrote a very curious account of the ceremonials of the French court, and advanced himself by a memoir proving that the king of France had precedence over the king of Spain. He died in 1648, while attending the conference for the peace of Munster.—J. H. B—n.
GODEFROY or GOTTFRIED of Strasburg, a minnesinger of the early part of the thirteenth century. Of his life little is known, except what can be gathered from allusions in his works. These seem to prove or render probable that he was born in or near Strasburg. But though he was not of noble birth or rank he was in independent circumstances, and in this respect favourably distinguished from most of his poetical brethren. Of his works, two of the class of pieces called "Sprüch"—one on the evils of covetousness, entitled "Mein und Dein,"
