the peace of Luneville. After the conclusion of the peace of Tilsit he retired from public life, and died at Ratisbon, August 7, 1821. The count was the author of the following notable historical works—"Mémoires, ou précis historique sur la neutralité armée;" "Mémoires et actes authentiques relatifs aux négociations qui ont précédé le partage de la Pologne;" "Mémoire historique de la négociation en 1778." His posthumous works were published in 1827-28 under the title "Historische und politische Denkwürdigkeiten."—F. M.
GOES, Damiao de, a Portuguese diplomatist, historian, and musician, born in 1501; died about 1573. He was educated in the royal household, and early attained notice by his devotion to literary pursuits. In 1523 we find him occupying a diplomatic post in Flanders, and at the same time pursuing his historical and genealogical studies, under the patronage of the Infante Dom Fernando. He resided successively at Brussels and Antwerp, and in 1529 was sent into Poland. Subsequently he fulfilled various missions at the courts of Denmark and Sweden, and obtained the friendship of the most distinguished scholars both of northern and southern Europe, including Erasmus. He spent six years in Italy, and was chosen in 1542 to conduct the defence of Louvain against the French. Going forth to treat for a surrender, he was taken prisoner, and ransomed only on paying the enormous sum of twenty-two thousand golden ducats. Some time before 1560, he was appointed to the highest literary office in Portugal—that of guardian of the national archives. In 1571 he became obnoxious to the inquisition, was deprived of his office and thrown into prison, but probably was released before his death in 1573. The earliest work of Goes is a "Life of Prester John," 1518, followed by an account of the embassy of David, king of Abyssinia, to the European courts. His "Commentaries on the Exploits of the Portuguese beyond the Ganges," 1539, was immediately translated into Italian and German, and was followed by other works vindicating the renown of Portugal against the statements of various writers. "A Chronicle of the King D. Manuel" is perhaps the most important of all his works, since this portion of history has scarcely been treated of by other writers. A second chronicle—that of John II.—is less valuable, as the ground had been previously occupied. Contemporary writers accord to Goes some repute as a poet and as a musical composer; but his chief claim to notice here consists in his being one of the three writers to whom we owe the history of Portuguese ascendancy in Asia.—F. M. W.
GOES, Hugo Vander, mentioned by Vasari as Hugo D'Anversa, was born at Bruges, and became one of the most distinguished of the scholars of John Van Eyck. After a visit to Italy, he appears to have settled in Ghent; he was established there in 1467, and was employed by the authorities of Ghent as late as 1480. He is said to have married a beautiful girl of that town, and to have retired after his wife's death to the Augustine convent of Roodendale in the wood of Soignies near Brussels, and in which he became a canon, and eventually died. Several pictures are attributed to Vander Goes, but very few with certainty. His masterpiece is a "Crucifixion," still preserved in the church of St. Jacques at Bruges, which escaped the iconoclastic fury of 1566 only by being painted over black, and having the ten commandments written on it. Vander Goes was very unequal in his execution, but he excelled in painting women. His works have, however, all the characteristic defects of the old Flemish painters, as well as their beauties—high colour and careful execution, with tasteless attitudes and meagre and rigid forms. Several of the great German galleries possess assumed genuine works by Vander Goes; Berlin has eight.—(Van Mander, Leven der Schilders; Rathgeber, Annalen, &c.)—R. N. W.
GOES, Wilhem van der (Goesius), born at Leyden in 1611; died at the Hague in 1686. He was a jurisconsult; and in 1648 was appointed director of the Dutch East India Company. He married the daughter of Daniel Heinsius, and engaged in a pamphlet war with Salmasius, arising out of controversies commenced by his father-in-law. He published several works on subjects of classical literature, the most important of which is "Rei Agrariæ Auctores, cum antiquitatibus agrariis."—J. A., D.
* GOESCHEL, Karl Friedrich, born in 1784 at Langensalza in Thuringia, studied law at Leipsic. In 1807 he was appointed to a municipal office in Langensalza, which he continued to fill after its incorporation with Prussia. In 1845 he was named president of the consistory of the province of Saxony. The events of 1848 compelled him to retire to private life. In Göschel's works his great object has been to prove that the views of Göthe and Hegel are in accordance with christianity. He himself in all his acts and writings exhibits strong conservative feeling. He felt with Savigny strongly against the introduction of the Code Napoleon, or any modification of it. In religion his feelings are altogether protestant. He thinks that distinct formulæ of worship and strictly-defined articles of religion are necessary to constitute the idea of a church. He has published several tracts on Lutheranism, and its relations with church and state; an answer to Strauss' Leben Jesu; the chronicles of his native place; and several tracts illustrative of the poetry of Dante and of Göthe.—J. A., D.
GOESCHEN, Johann Friedrich Ludwig, a distinguished jurist, was born at Königsberg, Prussia, February 16, 1778. He studied law at his native town and at Göttingen. After remaining for some time at Magdeburg, he settled at Berlin. In 1813 he became professor of jurisprudence at Berlin; and in 1816 the Royal Academy of Sciences, on the proposition of Savigny, sent him to Verona to examine the scientific treasures discovered by Niebuhr. In 1822 he was appointed professor of jurisprudence at Göttingen, where he remained till his death, September 24, 1837 He left many works.—F. M.
GOETHALS, Henri, surnamed Henricus Gandavensis, or sometimes Henricus Mudanus, was born at the village of Muda, near Ghent, Belgium, about 1217 He studied theology and philosophy at the Sorbonne, Paris, and acquired in that university the title of "doctor solennis." The pope, Honorius IV., the king of France, Phillip the Handsome, the counts of Flanders, and other sovereigns honoured him with their friendship; one of the last-named princes nominating him archdeacon of Tournay. He founded several convents and chapels, and various charitable institutions—among them the hospital of Saint-Jacques at Ghent, which is still in existence. He died at Tournay, 29th June, 1295. Among his writings the most notable are—"Summa Theologiæ;" "Quodlibeta Theologica;" and "De Viris illustribus."—F. M.
GOETHALS, Henri, surnamed Grodals, a Belgian statesman and diplomatist, was born at Ghent in 1359. He studied theology at the university of Paris, and having filled some high ecclesiastical charges at Lille and Tournay, became private secretary to Phillip the Bold. He was sent on various important political missions to Constantinople, Rome, and England. He ultimately settled at Tournay, as president of the provincial council of Flanders. He died in 1433.—F. M.
GOETHE, Johann Wolfgang von, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine on the 28th of August, 1749. His childhood fell in stirring times; he witnessed the coronation of a German emperor, and saw the French troops march to battle with the great Frederick, whom he was taught to regard as the hero of the epoch. His father—the son of a well-to-do tradesman, and himself attaining to the modest dignity of imperial councillor—appears before us as a man somewhat stern and cold, but truth-seeking and truth-loving, and with Göthe's own strong will. He gave a careful and judicious direction to his children's studies. While Göthe thus found in his father a counsellor and a, guide, his mother was at once his friend, teacher, and playmate. Married as a mere girl, she lived (till 1808) to see the zenith of her son's fame, and to prove herself worthy of him by the esteem and veneration with which she inspired his friends in every one of the circles he adorned. At Frankfort the young Wolfgang began to display that genius for getting into scrapes which renders his early life as entertaining as a novel. He fought a miniature duel at the martial age of ten, and was mad in love during his fifteenth year. The first name on the list of his many happy and unhappy passions was Gretchen of Frankfort. The spell which this lady had thrown over him was broken by the discovery that she regarded him as a mere boy; and with a heart whose wounds were soon to be healed and reopened, he prepared for his removal to Leipsic. Göthe entered at the university of that city as a student of law in 1765. A wild boy, with heart and mind wide enough to receive a thousand impressions, he was at this time a strange compound of wisdom and recklessness. Precocious in the acquisition and use of language, in the manifestation of thought still more so, he was unfortunately precocious in the exhibition of youthful extravagances. His first eager visits to the lecture-room were soon interrupted by the allurements of the theatre and the wine-shop. He wandered from place to place to gratify his curiosity or allay his
