indicated our opinion. A few words of condensed criticism will alone be needed. As a prose writer, he must be placed very high—in style, lucid, simple, beautiful; a master of pathos, a perfect delineator of sentiment and of manners; a delightful humorist, a fine moralist. As a poet, in the field which he chose he has never been rivalled: nature, simplicity, truth, and feeling, both in sentiment and description, pervade every line, and make him the congenial poet of all mankind. As a dramatist, he sits not in the highest places, but he has achieved even in this an immortality. But over each and all he has shed the light of a fine genius, a benevolent nature, and a tender heart.
And of Goldsmith the man, the biographer must not shrink from offering a truthful estimate. With failings and frailties that cannot be denied, he possessed virtues that may in charity be held to redeem his faults. If the description of Garrick be somewhat near the truth—
" Scholar, rake, christian, dupe, gamester, and poet,"
yet let us remember that he was honoured by men of genius and beloved by his friends; that Burke burst into tears, and Reynolds flung his pencil aside at the announcement of his death. "Let not his frailties be remembered," said Johnson; "he was a very great man." Yet if they must be remembered, let us, too, remember, as has been finely said by Mr. Forster. "He worthily did the work that was in him to do: proved himself in his garret a gentleman of nature; and left the world no ungenerous bequest." With posterity. Goldsmith has been most fortunate in this, that loving hands have cared for his fame. The industry of Prior, the genius of Irving, and the erudition and philosophy of Forster, have given Oliver Goldsmith to the world in all the versatile and varied features of his mind, his genius, and his manners.—J. F. W.
GOLIUS, Jacob, born at the Hague in 1596; died at Leyden in 1667. He studied at the university of Leyden, and then retired to the country, with the intention of devoting his life to study; the classics, philosophy, theology, medicine, and mathematics, all claimed his attention. His health broke down, and when he recovered he commenced the study of Arabic under Erpenius. He afterwards accepted an invitation to become professor of Greek at Rochelle; but the religious and political disturbances of the period made him soon return to his country. In 1622 he accompanied the Dutch embassy to the king of Morocco. While there he procured for the university of Leyden over two hundred valuable Arabic manuscripts. Golius so recommended himself while in Arabia by his knowledge of medicine, that several of the heads of tribes were anxious to retain him. In Constantinople the libraries were open to him, and the fact that he was a christian does not seem to have diminished the respect with which he was regarded there. On Erpenius' death he succeeded him at the university of Leyden as professor of Arabic. He also held at the same time the professorship of mathematics. His principal works are "Lexicon Arabico-Latinum," which still hears a high character, and a Persian dictionary, published after his death from his manuscripts.—His brother Peter, who also cultivated Oriental literature, died in 1671.—J. A., D.
GOLOVIN, Feodor Alexievich, a cousin of Ivan, was born in 1665. He took part in the great Russian embassy to China, during the years 1686-89, and on his return was made governor-general of Eastern Siberia. The country rapidly improved under his government; he encouraged commerce and manufactures, and founded, among others, the important town of Nertschinsk. Called back by the czar at the end of a few years, he was employed on several important missions to the western powers, and was the main instrument of concluding a commercial treaty with England, and the celebrated triple alliance against the Turks. In reward for his success in the latter negotiation, he was elevated by the emperor, Leopold I., to the rank of reichsgraf or count of the empire. On his return to Russia, he assisted in the suppression of the sanguinary insurrection of the Strelitzes, and was named, in 1699, first knight of the order of St. Andrew. At the death of Lefort, he became high-admiral of Russia, and, shortly after, minister of foreign affairs. He died in 1706.—F. M.
GOLOVIN, Ivan Mikhailovich, a Russian general and admiral, born about 1670. He studied shipbuilding at Saardam in Holland, in company with Czar Peter I.; and having returned with him to Russia, was sent on a secret mission to the pope, the object of which has been often discussed by historians, but never satisfactorily explained. This much is certain that the embassy gave satisfaction to the czar; for, once more in Russia, Ivan Golovin was overwhelmed with honours and dignities, being nominated successively senator, general, inspector of shipbuilding, and surveyor of the navy. So high did he rise in favour after a while as to be able to beard Peter I. in open council, opposing, on one occasion, the infliction of a new tax on the peasantry. Peter's successor, Catharine, likewise treated him with great distinction, nominating him vice-admiral; and the next czarina, Anne, elevated him to the rank of admiral. He died in 1738.—F. M.
GOLOVIN, Semen Vassilievich, a Russian general and diplomatist, born at Moscow in 1560. He distinguished himself during the protracted war between the rival claimants to the throne of Russia, which took place at the beginning of the seventeenth century; and having greatly assisted in the elevation of the young Michel Feodorowich, the new czar made him a boyard, or nobleman, giving him the governorship of the town of Casan. He filled this post from 1624 till 1630, when he was called back to Moscow, to be in immediate attendance on the czar. He died at Moscow, January 20th, 1634.—F. M.
GOLOVKIN, Gabriel, a Russian statesman, born in 1660. He distinguished himself, as private attendant of Czar Peter I., in the wars against the Turks and Swedes, and shortly after the battle of Pultowa in 1709, was nominated chancellor of the empire, and, the year after, elevated to the rank of count. He took part in the great excursion of the czar and his spouse to Western Europe in 1717, and on several occasions was intrusted with the highest court charges. His influence continued to increase under Peter's successors, Catharine I. and Peter II., and he contributed greatly to the election of Anne of Courland to the imperial throne. He died in 1734.—F. M.
GOLOVNIN, Vasili, a distinguished seaman, born about the year 1780. At an early age he entered the imperial marine, and when Czar Alexander I. resolved, in 1807, to execute a survey of the coasts of his immense empire, he was intrusted with the command of the expedition. He started in the beginning of 1809, and in a little more than two years surveyed the whole of the Russian possessions in Europe and America, as far as the Pacific Ocean. In July, 1811, he arrived on the coast of Japan, where he was at first hospitably received, but after a while thrown into prison. Returning to Russia, he was sent on another expedition into the Pacific in 1818. He died of cholera at St. Petersburg in 1832. The description of his voyage of survey, and captivity in Japan, was published at St. Petersburg, 1816, and was translated into German, French and English.—F. M.
GOLTZIUS, Heinrich, a celebrated old German painter and engraver, was born at Mulbracht, in the old duchy of Juliers, now Prussia, in 1558, and was brought up by his father, a glass-painter, to his own business. Young Henry, however, preferred engraving, which art he prosecuted with energy. He married at the age of twenty-one, and settled at Haarlem, where he devoted himself almost exclusively to engraving. In 1590 he commenced an eccentric tour through Germany and Italy, travelling with a servant under a feigned name, and sometimes acting as the servant himself. This journey restored his health, which had been much impaired; he reached Rome in the early part of 1591, and there, still under an assumed name, devoted himself to the study of painting and the antique remains; he arrived home at the close of the same year. His health was somewhat established by this and other tours, but he remained always an invalid, and died at Haarlem in 1617. Goltzius was chiefly an engraver. His execution is very skilful, and some of his works are highly appreciated; he also made many good imitations of Albert Dürer and Lucas Van Leyden. He was forty-two years old before he took up painting. His forms are well marked and his colouring is rich, but his drawing is sometimes criticized as too anatomical; he is one of those who laboured under the Michelangelo mania in design. As an engraver he will always rank high. Bartsch describes nearly three hundred prints by Goltzius, their dates ranging generally from about 1579 to 1615, mostly before 1590; and one bears the date of 1578—a half figure of a man writing. His works are generally of small dimensions. Jacob Mathan, the engraver, was Goltzius' stepson and pupil.—(Van Mander).—R. N. W.
GOLTZIUS, Hubert, a German painter and numismatist, born at Venloo in the duchy of Gueldres in 1526; died at Bruges in 1583. He resided in early life at Antwerp, devoted
