very low moral condition. He established there some three or four hundred schools; he had printed, among other books, eight thousand Welsh bibles—one thousand of which were given to the poor, and the rest sold under cost price. Every year once and often twice, till an advanced age, he visited the principality, inspected the schools, and preached to the people with the sanction of the bishops, for he always remained in communion with the church. Of his estate of £200 a year he devoted two-thirds to charitable purposes. He died suddenly in his sleep in the seventy-seventh year of his age, October 27, 1681. "To him," says Dr. Tillotson, who preached his funeral sermon, "the constant employment of whose life was the best preparation for death that was possible, no death could be sudden. It was rather a translation than a death." His works were collected and published in London, 1706, 8vo.—R. H.
GOUGE, William, a divine of the seventeenth century, was born in the parish of Stratford-le-Bow in the year 1575. He received his education at St. Paul's school, Eton, and Cambridge. After taking orders in the Church of England in 1607, he obtained in the following year the rectory of Blackfriars, London. He became an active and esteemed minister among the puritans; and having been appointed a trustee of the society organized in the early part of the reign of Charles I. for the purpose of buying up impropriations to be conferred on ministers holding puritan principles—he fell under the heavy hand of Laud, and was prosecuted and confined in the star-chamber. He was a man singularly simple-minded, and free from ambition; and was wont to say, when refusing offers of more lucrative and influential posts, which were repeatedly made to him, that "his highest ambition was to go from Blackfriars to heaven." In 1643 he was nominated one of the assembly of divines sitting at Westminster, and while he took part in their proceedings, was treated by that body with marked consideration and respect. He died in the year 1653, at the age of seventy-eight, having been esteemed for several years the father of the London ministers. He is the author of "Annotations on a Portion of the Old Testament," "A Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews," &c.—T. A.
GOUGES, Marie Olympe de, born at Montauban in 1755. Of her early life little is known. She, however, found biographers, one of whom says she was a daughter of Louis XV.; another gives her to Lefranc de Pompignan. Whether she ever was married was also a mystery. She was said to be the widow of a M. Aubrey, whose name, however, she never took. Her own name came first before the public in some love adventures of her own, and afterwards in the title-pages of novels and operas, by writing which she endeavoured to support herself. The madness of the Revolution was at its height, and she did not escape the epidemic. She wrote a tract on the rights of woman, in which the almost prophetic sentence occurred—"Nous avons bien le droit de monter à la tribune, puisque nous avons celui de monter à l'échafaud." Denounced by the committee of public safety to the revolutionary tribunal she was executed in 1793.—J. A., D.
GOUGH, Hugh, Viscount, a brave and distinguished British commander, the youngest son of Lieutenant-colonel George Gough, was born at Woodstown in the county of Limerick, on the 3rd of November, 1779. The family had been settled in Ireland since 1627, when Francis Gough was appointed bishop of Limerick. At the age of thirteen Hugh obtained a commission in the Limerick militia, whence he was soon after transferred as lieutenant to the 119th regiment of the line. On the disbanding of that regiment he passed into the 78th Highlanders, which he joined at the Cape of Good Hope, and was present at the taking of the Dutch fleet in Saldanha Bay. He next served in the 87th in the West Indies, taking part in the attack upon Porto Rico and Surinam. He was now a thorough soldier, and as major had the temporary command of his regiment, then before Oporto, and took an active part in the brilliant operations by which Soult was dislodged. At Talavera, while commanding, he was severely wounded, and his horse shot under him; and he was recommended, in consequence of his distinguished bravery on the occasion, for a brevet lieutenant-colonelcy. The share which his gallant corps had in the success of the victory at Barossa, is upon record. Gough, seeing symptoms of wavering, charged at them, and drove the enemy before him. "The animating charges of the 87th," writes General Graham in his despatch, "were most distinguished." They captured from the 8th regiment of French light infantry an eagle with a collar of gold. In the defence of Tarifa, the post of danger, the portcullis-tower and rampart, was assigned to Gough and the 87th. They routed their assailants—Gough, with characteristic bravery, flinging away his scabbard, and his Irish soldiers fighting to the national airs of Garryowan and Patrick's Day, played by the orders of a chief who so thoroughly understood their temper. "The conduct of Colonel Gough and the 87th," says the military despatch, "exceeded all praise." Gough next distinguished himself at the battle of Vittoria, where his regiment captured the only marshal's baton taken during the war—that of Jourdan. He was wounded at the battle of Nivelle, and received the order of Charles III. from the king of Spain. At the close of the war Sir Hugh returned to his native land to enjoy a temporary repose, but was appointed to the command of the 22nd regiment, then stationed in the south of Ireland. At the same time, he discharged the duties of a magistrate, during a period of great excitement and disturbance, in a manner that won him the respect and confidence of all classes. In 1830 he was promoted to the rank of major-general, and in 1837 was again called into active service, being given the command of the Mysore division of the Indian army. From that he was despatched to China in 1840 to take the command of the troops there. This career was a glorious one. He stormed the heights above Canton and those above Shanghai; he captured Amoy, Chusan, Chapoo, Woosung, and Shanghai. Finally, he meditated a great and bold enterprise, which he carried out with entire success. Seeing that the great canal, twelve hundred miles in length, that led to the imperial city was the channel through which the whole internal commerce of the country flowed, he, with his gallant comrade Admiral Sir Wm. Parker, took the fleet and army two hundred miles up an unknown river to the intersection of the canal, and attacked the town of Ching-Kian-Foo, which, after a gallant resistance by the Tartars, was taken. The result, as expected, was to cut off all supplies from the capital. The treaty of Nankin followed in 1842. The war was ended, and the British troops withdrew, exacting twenty-one millions of dollars as the price of peace. Sir Hugh was rewarded for his services with the grand cross of the bath, and was made a baronet, and received the thanks of parliament. On the 11th of August, 1843, he was invested with the chief command in India. Here he displayed promptitude, decision, and energy throughout the war—achieving the great victories of Maharaghpoor and Puniar, and thus uniting the two wings of the Indian army under the walls of Gwalior. His next operations were in the Punjaub in 1845 against the Sikhs. On the 18th December, acting with Sir Henry Hardinge, who had succeeded Lord Ellenborough, he defeated the enemy at Moodkee, taking seventeen guns, and on the 21st attacked the enemy's entrenched camp at Ferozepore, which was taken, with ammunition, stores, and seventy pieces of cannon. Then followed the glorious and crowning victory of the Sobraon on the Sutlej, the route of the Sikhs, and the peace dictated before the walls of Lahore. For these services Gough was again thanked by both houses of the legislature, and in 1846 created Baron Gough. But the war broke out again in 1848, and once more Lord Gough had to take the field. Brave, bold, and energetic as ever, he engaged his foe at Chillianwallah in January, 1849. The plan of the battle obtained the approval of the duke of Wellington; and, though accidents frustrated its complete success, the enemy received a serious check, and precipitately retreated during the night across the Sutlej. While no one dared to impeach the bravery of Lord Gough, there were not wanting those at home who pronounced him rash, and thus assailed his reputation as a general. Sir Charles Napier was ordered to replace him; but before that general arrived in India, Gough had completely established his reputation by the splendid victory of Googerat, which put an end to the war, and justified the words of his farewell address, "That which Alexander attempted, the British army have accomplished." Upon Lord Cough's return to England the houses of parliament again publicly thanked him, adding to the title of viscount the substantial reward of a pension of £2000 a year, a similar sum being awarded by the East India Company Service. In 1854 he was made colonel-in-chief of the 60th rifles, and was in 1855 appointed to the colonelcy of the royal horse guards. He was at the same time made a freeman of the city of London, D.C.L. of the university of Oxford, and LL.D. of that of Dublin. In 1856 he was chosen by her majesty as representative in the Crimea on the
