GOULBURN, Henry, the Right Honourable, a politician, who filled with credit during the present century several of the higher offices of the state, was born in London on the 19th of March, 1784. Receiving his later education at Trinity college, Cambridge, he entered the house of commons in 1807 as member for Horsham, and displaying qualities more solid than showy, he was appointed under-secretary of state in the administration of the duke of Portland, a post which he retained under his grace's successor in the premiership, Mr. Perceval. Exchanging in 1812 the representation of Horsham for that of St. Germains, he was appointed in the same year under-secretary of state for the colonies, an office which he retained up to 1821. In 1818, and again in 1820, he was returned for the now extinct borough of West Looe, and he sat for Armagh from 1826 to 1831. In 1821 he was sworn of the privy council, and appointed chief-secretary for Ireland, the duties of which then important office he discharged under the successive ministries of Lord Liverpool, Lord Goderich, Mr. Canning, and the duke of Wellington, until in March, 1828, he was appointed by the duke chancellor of the exchequer, an office which he filled until the formation of Lord Grey's ministry. In 1831 Mr. Goulburn and Mr. W. J. Peel defeated Lord Palmerston and Mr. Cavendish in a contest for the representation of the university of Cambridge, and he continued to sit for it until his death. On the return of his political friends to power, Mr. Goulburn became home-secretary in Sir Robert Peel's short-lived ministry of 1834, and, in 1839 he was pitted as conservative candidate for the speakership against Mr. Shaw Lefevre, and was defeated by a comparatively small majority. On the formation of Sir Robert Peel's second ministry, Mr. Goulburn again became, and during the whole of his premiership remained chancellor of the exchequer, and, after the fall of his leader ceased to be conspicuous, though voting and speaking generally with the Peelite section of the house of commons. Sir Robert entertained a warm personal regard for him, and made him (Lord Hardinge being the other) one of his executors and guardian of his children, until they should attain their majority. Mr. Goulburn was not included in the ministerial arrangements of Lord Aberdeen's coalition-administration, and died on the 12th of January, 1856, after having earned in his long official and parliamentary career the reputation of a diligent and useful public servant. He had married in 1811 Jane Montague, third daughter of Matthew, fourth Lord Rokeby.—F. E.
* GOULD, Augustus Addison, M.D., a distinguished American naturalist, was born at New Ipswich, New Hampshire, U.S. Entering the university at Harvard, he took his degree of bachelor of arts in 1825, and five years later that of doctor of medicine. Devoting his attention to natural history, he translated from the French Lamarck's Genera of Shells, which he published at Boston in 1833. His next work, printed in the same year, was "A System of Natural History, containing Scientific and popular Descriptions of various Animals;" a valuable work which has since passed through many editions. It was followed by a "Report on the Invertebrated Animals of Massachusetts," Cambridge, U.S., 1841. After this period Dr. Gould, in conjunction with Professor Agassiz, wrote the "Principles of Zoology," the work by which he is best known in this country. It was reprinted in 1851 as a volume of Bohn's scientific library, and in the same year was translated and published in German by Professor Bronn. The object of the treatise is to present a general view of the great principles of zoological science, extricated from those details under which they are obscured in ordinary treatises, and yet intelligible to general readers. Dr. Gould is the author of volume xii. of the United States Exploring Expedition, being that part which relates to mollusca; and of a great number of papers contributed to the scientific journals of America.—G. B—n.
* GOULD, John, F.R.S., an eminent naturalist, was born at Lyme in Dorsetshire on the 14th September, 1804. When fourteen years of age he went to reside with his uncle, Mr. J. T. Acton of the royal gardens at Windsor. There he acquired a taste for natural history, his attention being chiefly directed to the study of native birds. Near Windsor he would glide, gun in hand, down the reaches of the Thames in his boat, by the edge of the forest, watching the birds among the boughs, and bringing down with unfailing aim the choicest specimens. His skill as a bird-preserver secured an engagement from the Zoological Society of London, and in their museum he had an opportunity of acquiring sound scientific knowledge. In 1830 he published, under the title of "A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains," London, 1831-32, imp. fol., descriptions of a hundred birds contained in a valuable collection not long before received from India. For this magnificent publication Mrs. Gould prepared the drawings, while her husband wrote the descriptions. In spite of its high price, fourteen guineas, it met with great success. The next work undertaken by Mr. Gould was "The Birds of Europe," 1832-37, 5 vols. imp. fol., the cost of which was still higher, it being no less than £76 8s. 6d. It was also well received, every copy being sold off in a few years. With the purpose of studying the natural productions of Australia, Mr. and Mrs. Gould proceeded in 1838 to that continent, where for twelve months they toiled assiduously at the task they had undertaken. Mrs. Gould formed a great collection of drawings of plants and birds, but sad to say was suddenly cut off in the midst of her labours. Her husband returned to England in the following year, and published, as the result of his journey, a portion of a work on "The Mammals of Australia," 1845, and "The Birds of Australia," 1842-51, 7 vols., imp. fol., the latter being a magnificent book, the price of which was £115. Mr. Gould is the author of various memoirs which possess high scientific value, among which are his "Monograph of the Macropodidæ, or family of the Kangaroos," 1841-42, imp. fol., and the "Monograph of the Trochilidæ," 1850, containing descriptions of the numerous species of humming birds, forming part of the unrivalled collection of these animals which has been made by the author.—G. B—n.
GOULSTON, GOULSON, or GULSON, Theodore, a learned English physician, was born in Northamptonshire, and educated at Merton college, Oxford. In 1610 he took the degree of M.D., and in the following year was made a fellow and censor of the college of physicians. He acquired a very extensive practice in London, where he died in 1632. By his will he left £200 to purchase a rent-charge for the endowment of the pathological lectureship which bears his name. Dr. Goulston was distinguished as a Latin and Greek scholar. He published Latin paraphrases of Galen's works, and of some of Aristotle's, with notes and various readings.—G. BL.
* GOUNOD, Charles, a musician, was born at Paris in 1818, or according to a less reliable account in 1815. He first studied harmony under Reicha. At the age of eighteen he entered the counterpoint class of Halévy in the Conservatoire, and subsequently went through a course of lyric composition under Lesueur. At the age of twenty-one he gained the prize of the Institut, and he made a very successful entry upon public notice with a mass of his composition, which was performed at the church of St. Eustache. He went to Rome to complete his studies, where he produced in 1841 a second mass; this was given at the church of S. Luigi dei Francesi, and in testimony of its merits he received the rare distinction of being named honorary maestro di capella for life. Gounod proceeded thence to Vienna, where in 1842 he produced a requiem, and in the year following another sacred work for performance in Lent. He returned to Paris, and was appointed maitre de chapelle to the church of the Missions Etrangéres, and for some years devoted himself to compositions for the concert-room, among which may be noticed a cantata called "Pierre L'Hermite;" two choral pieces named "La danse de l'epée" and "Levin des Gaulois;" and several orchestral symphonies. He became ambitious to write for the stage, and being introduced to Mad. Viardot, she encouraged him in this idea, by promising that if he would compose an opera in which she might sustain the principal character, she would interest herself to obtain the production of the work. Thus stimulated he wrote the opera of "Sapho," which was performed, through the influence of the prima donna, at the académie imperiale in April, 1851, and was given, also at her recommendation, at our royal Italian opera in the summer of the same year; it met with no success in London, and even in Paris, though it raised the composer's reputation, it had but a short-lived career. In 1852 Gounod wrote chorusses for Ponsard's tragedy of Ulysse, which was performed at the Théatre Française; and in 1854 he brought out his second opera, "La Nonne sanglante," at the academie. He was appointed director of the Orphéonistes in Paris in 1852, and exerted his talent for some years in the promotion of the objects of that very important musical organization. He came again before the world as a dramatic composer in 1859, when his opera of "Faust" was given at the Théatre Lyrique, with Mad. Miolan Carvalho as the heroine, and achieved
