a success that bears no comparison with that of any of his other works, placing him very high in the ranks of the living composers of his country. In February, 1860, he produced at the same theatre, and with the same singer in his principal part, the opera of "Philémon et Beaucis;" and in the following August at Baden-Baden another of less pretension, called "La Colombe." An ardent admirer of Gluck, it has been his aim in dramatic composition to revive the principles of that great master, giving paramount importance to declamation as an embodiment of the action of the scene, above the value of melodious grace and prettiness; and he has been aided in the carrying out of his views of construction by his friends Barbier and Carré, who have always written the words of his operas. It may not be said of Gounod that he accomplishes the great effects which distinguish the music of his chosen model; but he has considerable dramatic power, great depth of sentiment, and decided originality of thought, which qualities are far more felicitously manifested in his later operas than in his orchestral and sacred compositions.—G. A. M.
GOUPYL, Jacques, a learned French physician, born at Lucon, near Lyons, about the year 1525; studied at Poitiers and Paris; was made M.D. in 1548, and in 1555 succeeded his master, J. Sylvius, as professor of physic in the royal college. He distinguished himself by publishing editions of several Greek medical writers. In a popular tumult, which occurred in 1563, his valuable collection of books and ancient manuscripts was destroyed, a calamity which so preyed upon his mind that he died in the following year, leaving unfinished an edition of the works of Hippocrates, in which he was then engaged.—G. BL.
GOURGAUD, Gaspard, Baron, was born at Versailles in 1783. He entered the artillery at an early age, and in 1805 was dangerously wounded at Austerlitz. He subsequently distinguished himself at Saragossa; and on the entry of the French army into Moscow, Gourgaud was the first in the Kremlin, where he discovered a quantity of powder which would shortly have exploded, to the imminent danger of Napoleon's life. For this service he received the title of baron; and after the battle of Brienne in 1814, he was again the means of saving the emperor, who had been surprised by the Cossacks. After Waterloo, Napoleon chose Gourgaud as one of his companions in exile; and at St. Helena he was employed in arranging historical materials. Quarrelling, however, with Montholon, he left the island and repaired to England, whence he continued a correspondence with Napoleon. In 1818 his papers were seized, and he was expelled the country. Not until 1821 could he obtain permission to revisit France, and everywhere he was regarded with suspicion, as an agent of the emperor—an agent, however, with much more devotion than discretion. In 1823 he published "Mémoires de Napoléon," in conjunction with Montholon. He became involved in literary controversies with Scott and Ségur, the latter resulting in a duel. In 1840 he formed one of the commission that went to bring the emperor's ashes home; the rest of his life was prosperous but uneventful, and he died at Paris in 1852.—W. J. P.
GOURGUES, Dominique de, was born at Mont de Marsan about 1530, and died at Tours in 1593. After many years of adventure and suffering, he was living in retirement on his estate, when the news reached him that the French colony in Florida had been treacherously attacked by the Spaniards; that men, women, and children had been indiscriminately butchered. The French government would take no steps to avenge this atrocity; whereupon Dominique de Gourgues sold everything he possessed, borrowed money from his friends, equipped three ships, and with two hundred and thirty determined fellows, amongst whom were many gentlemen, sailed from Bordeaux, 22nd August, 1567. Aided by the Indians, he attacked and destroyed the Spanish colony; he took eighty-eight prisoners, and he hanged them all. In France he had to hide himself against the officers of "justice;" but, years after, our great Elizabeth, coming to know his worth, offered him a high command. It was too late; the brave man was worn out; as he journeyed towards London he died.—W. J. P.
GOURLIE, William, was born at Glasgow in March, 1815, and died at Pollokshields on 24th June, 1856. Devoting himself to the study of botany, he attended the lectures on that subject in the university of Glasgow. He made extensive collections of British plants and paid particular attention to mosses. Subsequently he extended his herbarium so as to include foreign plants. He also made a collection of shells and of fossil plants. He was engaged in mercantile business in Glasgow, and availed himself of his intercourse with the colonies to get specimens of new and rare objects of natural history sent to this country. In 1836 he joined the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, and he acted as its local secretary in Glasgow. He was an active member of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow, which he joined in 1841. He was also a zealous promoter of various benevolent institutions. He was elected a fellow of the Linnæan Society in 1855, and during the meeting of the British Association in Glasgow, he acted as one of the local secretaries.—J. H. B.
GOURMELEN, Etienne, a celebrated French surgeon, was born in the first half of the sixteenth century, and died at Melun in 1593. He filled a chair for some time in the college of France, and acquired a great reputation in the literature of his profession. Nor was he less honoured for the humanity which he displayed whilst the plague raged in the capital in 1581. Gourmelen was a voluminous writer; his principal work is entitled "Synopseos Chirurgiæ libri sex." He translated some, and commented others, of the writings of Hippocrates. Modern critics differ much in their estimate of him—R. M., A.
GOURNAY, Jean Claude Marie Vincent de, a French political economist, born in 1712 at St. Malo, a seaport town on the isle of Aron. Engaging in trade in early life, he rose to the rank of honorary member of the grand council, and subsequently was made honorary intendant of commerce. He executed in 1742 translations into French of Child's Considerations on Commerce and on the Interest of Money, and Culpepper's Treatise against Usury. He wrote much and ably on economical questions. He and Dr. Quesnay may be said to be the chief of the French economists of last century. The celebrated Turgot was an intimate friend and great admirer of Gournay, and wrote an eloge on him at his death, which occurred at Paris in 1759.—J. R.
GOURNAY, Marie de Jars de, born at Paris in 1566; died in 1645. She was called by Montaigne his "fille d'alliance," and he bequeathed his works to her. She was acquainted with several languages, but her French style is described as harsh in the extreme. She affected the use of obsolete words and antiquated forms; and when the French Academy was engaged in its project of purifying the language, she ridiculed the attempt, and spoke of the style of the "purists" as being "un bouillon d'eau clair sans impureté et sans substance." She was attacked in a hundred libels, prose and verse. Her works have been collected under the title of "Les avis ou les présents de Mademoiselle de Gournay." She published an edition of Montaigne's Essays, 1635, dedicated to Richelieu.—J. A., D.
GOURVILLE, Jean Herauld de, an able financier and diplomatist in the service of Louis XIV., was born at La Rochefoucauld on the 11th of July, 1625, and, being educated first by his widowed mother, then in a lawyer's office, became secretary to the son of the duke de la Rochefoucauld, author of the Maxims. During the war of the Fronde he proved most useful to his master and to the prince of Condé; and at the end of the contest he negotiated their reconciliation with Cardinal Mazarin and the court. By the latter he was rewarded with the post of commissary to the army in Catalonia; but, suspected of intriguing for the prince de Conti, he was sent to the Bastile for six months. Fouquet made him receiver of taxes in Guienne, where he amassed great wealth. The fall of that minister drew him down, and he fled secretly to Holland, whence, after a visit to England, he went to Germany. At the congress of Breda he exerted himself so much in favour of French interests that Louis made him his minister at the court of Brunswick. At this very time Colbert had condemned him for peculation. Further public services, however, both in Germany and Spain at length, in 1681, procured his pardon, and he passed the latter years of his life quietly at home in the society of such friends as Boileau and Mad. de Sevigné. He died in 1703. He left "Memoirs," published at Paris, 2 vols., 12mo, 1724.—R. H.
GOUSSET, Jacques (Gussetius), born at Blois in 1635; died at Groningen in 1704. At Saumur he acquired a profound knowledge of Greek under Lefevre, and of Hebrew under Louis Cappel. He was pastor of the church at Poitiers, which he quitted at the revocation of the edict of Nantes. In 1692 he was invited to Groningen, where he taught Greek and theology. Gousset gave himself to the study of Hebrew, which he insisted was best learned without the pupil occupying himself with the kindred languages of the East. Schultens had a public disputation with
