conflict ever delineated by human pen." The narrative of this battle written by Sir W. Raleigh in his grave, nervous style, may be found in Hakluyt's Voyages and Travels, vol. ii., p. 665. The gallant Sir Richard, though wounded early in the action, remained on deck till near midnight, when he was shot in the body, and soon after again in the head, while the surgeon dressing his wound was killed. When, at length after fifteen hours' fighting, the Revenge, on which he fought, was evened with the water, and the astonished Spaniards, having lost a thousand men, were still keeping at a respectful distance. Sir Richard ordered the master gunner to split and sink the ship, that nothing might remain of glory or victory to the Spaniards. This course was overruled by the majority of the survivors who treated on honourable conditions. Sir Richard died of his wounds in about three days, bewailed by his admiring enemies.—(Prince's Worthies of Devon.)—R. H.
GREGAN, John Edgar, architect, was born in Dumfries in 1813; was articled to Mr. Walter Newall of Dumfries; and in 1836 went to Manchester as assistant to Mr. T, W. Atkinson, whom he succeeded in business in 1840. Mr. Gregan was a man of great industry as well as marked ability, and his merits found speedy recognition. Many of the buildings, which during the next fifteen years so greatly altered the architectural character of Manchester, were designed by him. Among them are Heywood's bank, a very stately and well-finished building of Venetian character; several of the palatial warehouses which are so striking a feature of the city; the mechanics' institution; the Jews' schools; the Park lodges; chapels at Ancoats and Green-Hays, and several private residences of a superior order. He also erected churches, chapels, and schools, chiefly in the Gothic style, at Bolton, Cheshire, Preston, &c. He died, a victim to over-work, April 29, 1855. Besides his immediately professional attainments, Mr. Gregan possessed considerable knowledge of the arts, and was active in promoting the local schools of design, the formation of a free library, and literary institutions generally. He was a fellow of the Institute of Architects.—J. T—e.
GREGOIRE, Henri, French ecclesiastic and bishop of Blois. He was born on the 4th of December, 1750, at Vého, near Lunéville. Having been educated for the church, at an early age he obtained the cure of Embermesnil, which he left in 1789 upon being elected to represent his province in the states general. He had previously produced two works, one entitled the "Eloge de la Poésie," published in 1772, for which he was crowned by the Academy of Nancy; and a similar honour was conferred on him by the Academy of Metz in 1778 for his "Essai sur la Régénération des Juifs." He was one of the first of the French clergy who took the oath of fidelity to the constitution; and in the discussions that followed, though favourable to the overthrow of the monarchy, he was adverse to the execution of the king. In 1792 he was elected to the bishopric of Blois, and shortly after was chosen a deputy to the national convention. He was sent on a mission to the newly-formed department of Mont Blanc, and on his return he was appointed a member of the committee of public instruction. While filling that office, he was instrumental in founding the Bureau des Longitudes, and the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, besides organizing public libraries, botanical gardens, and many other establishments of a similar nature. He was also successful in obtaining for the Jews civil and political rights; and in 1794, through his influence, the assembly voted the abolition of African slavery. During the Reign of Terror, when the bishop of Paris, with many others of the clergy, abjured christianity, Gregoire was called upon to follow their example; but he boldly refused to resign either his bishopric or his faith. On the closing of the national convention, Gregoire took his seat in the council of Five Hundred, and in 1801 he was made a count of the empire and a member of the legion of honour. In the senate he voted against the organization of the imperial government, against the revival of titles of nobility, and against the divorce of Napoleon and Josephine, and was also opposed to the emperor's subsequent marriage. On the return of the Bourbons, in 1814, Gregoire was not included in the number of members of the chamber of peers, nor was he summoned to that house on the restoration of Napoleon. On the final restoration of Louis XVIII., in 1815, Gregoire was deprived of his bishopric and was excluded from the Institute, of which he had been one of the founders. In 1819 he was again elected to the chamber as one of the deputies for Isère, but was prevented from taking his seat by the ultra royalist party. The rest of his life was spent in retirement. He died at Paris on the 28th of April, 1831.—W. W. E. T.
GREGORAS NICEPHORUS, born at Heraclea Pontica about 1295; died in 1360; took holy orders in the Greek church; was offered the place of chartophylax, or keeper of the records at Constantinople. In 1326 he was sent on an embassy to the king of Servia. He was engaged in the religious and scientific controversies of his day, and in the much-agitated discussion as to the proper time for keeping Easter. He anticipated the reasoning which led to the reformation of the calendar three centuries later. Gregoras lived in troubled times. Andronicus III. dethroned his grandfather in 1328, and Nicephorus was of the party of the dethroned prince. His property was confiscated. He retired from public life, every now and then reappearing to deliver discourses, which were greatly admired. He opposed the union of the Greek and Latin churches, and had several public discussions on the subject with the monk Barlaam. Victory, as in such cases is usual, was claimed for each. A number of Gregoras Nicephorus' works still remain in manuscript. His "Romaic History" consists of thirty-eight books, of which twenty-four have been printed. The work extends from the taking of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204 to 1359. The printed part goes down only to 1351. It was published with a Latin translation by Boivin in 1702, and it forms part of the Bonn edition of the Byzantine historians, 1829-30.—J. A., D.
GREGORI, Carlo, Italian engraver, was born at Florence in 1719, and studied at Rome under Giacomo Frey. Returning to his native city, he executed many excellent engravings, among others one from the "Marys at the Sepulchre," after Raffaelle; a series of fourteen plates from the works of B. Barbatelli; several for the Museo Fiorentino, &c. He died in 1759.—J. T—e.
GREGORI, Ferdinando, son of Carlo, was born at Florence in 1743, and, after preparatory instruction by his father, went to Paris, and studied under George Wille. After his return to Florence he executed many admirable plates, and eventually took rank among the best engravers of the age. He died about 1804. Nagler gives a full list of his prints.—J. T—e.
GREGORIO, Rosario, an archæologist, born at Palermo in 1753, took orders and became professor of theology in the seminary of his native city. He was early attracted to the study of archæology; and having been commissioned by the king to superintend the opening of the royal tombs at Palermo, he wrote an account of them, which was well received in the learned world. Gregorio subsequently applied himself to the study of Arabic for the purpose of inquiring into the history of Sicily during its subjection to the Arabs, on which subject he published a work in Latin and Arabic, highly praised by Dacier. In 1789 he was appointed professor of public rights (dritto publico) in the university of Palermo. Gregorio published many old chronicles, illustrated with notes and commentaries. His greatest work, however, is his "Considerazioni sulla storia della Sicilia dai tempi del Normanni sino al presente." Gregorio died at Palermo about the year 1818.—A. C. M.
GREGORY, the name of sixteen popes:—
Gregory, St., surnamed the Great, the first pope of the name, was born in Rome about the year 540. His father, Gordian, was a senator, sprung from an honourable family (Pope Felix II. having been his grandfather), and possessed of an ample fortune. Gregory was carefully instructed in all the current learning of the age, and seems to have betaken himself early in life to civil employment under the Imperial government. In 574 he was appointed by Justin the Younger prætor or governor of Rome; but in the following year, renouncing his dignity, and divesting himself of all his property, he founded there-with six monasteries in Sicily, and one in his own house on the Cælian hill, where he himself took the monastic habit. The Benedictine writers of his life assert that he belonged to their order, but this we find nowhere expressly stated, and other authors hold it to be extremely questionable. He practised fasting at first with such austerity, that he contracted thereby a permanent weakness of the stomach. Benedict I. appointed him one of the seven deacons for managing the affairs of the Roman church. Pelagius II. sent him in 579 as his apocrisiarius or nuncio to the Emperor Maurice at Constantinople, to implore aid against the Lombards. Gregory sped so well in his mission that he induced the emperor to send a strong force to Italy, which, in conjunction with the Franks, repressed for a time
