GREY, Richard, D.D., a learned English divine, born at Newcastle in 1694, was entered at Lincoln college, Oxford, in 1712, obtained the rectory of Hinton in Northamptonshire, and that of Kilncote in Leicestershire, and was also a prebendary of St. Paul's. In 1730 he published "Memoria Technica, or a new method of artificial memory," and in the same year his "System of English Ecclesiastical Law, for the use of young students designed for holy orders." For this work, which reached several editions, the university gave him the degree of D.D. In 1738 he published "A New and Easy Method of Learning Hebrew without points," and subsequently "The Book of Job," and "The Last Words of David," divided according to the metre. Dr. Grey died in 1771. In his Job he adopts the translation of Schultens and the metrical arrangement of Hare. Various editions of his "Memoria Technica" were published in his lifetime, and another so recently as 1851.—G. BL.
GREY, Zachary, LL.D., a clergyman of the Church of England, born in Yorkshire in 1687; died 25th November, 1766. Having completed his education at Cambridge, he was presented with the vicarages of St. Peter's and St. Giles' parishes in Cambridge, and was appointed rector of Houghton Conquest in Bedfordshire. Dr. Grey was a strenuous supporter of the Anglican church, and among his numerous works (thirty-three in all) we find "The ministry of the Dissenters proved to be null and void from scripture and antiquity," 1725, and a "Vindication of the Church of England against the injurious reflections of Mr. Neal in his late History of the Puritans," 1740, 4 vols. 8vo. But he is best known as the editor of Butler's Hudibras, Cambridge, 1744, 2 vols. 8vo, with plates by Hogarth—a work for which he received £1500. Dr. Dibdin observes that it is "replete with curious, interesting, and accurate historical and bibliographical intelligence."—R. V. C.
GRIBALDI, Matteo, an Italian jurist, was born at Chieri in Piedmont in 1520. He occupied the chair of jurisprudence successively at Pisa, Perugia, Toulouse, Valence, and Padua. He embraced the doctrines of the Reformation, and repaired to Geneva about 1555. Here, however, he incurred the suspicion of entertaining Socinian views, and with difficulty escaped the fate of Servetus. Gribaldi died of the plague in 1564.—A. C. M.
GRIBEAUVAL, Jean Baptiste Vaquette de, a celebrated French military engineer, born at Amiens, 15th September, 1715; died at Paris, 9th May, 1789. He went in the suite of the comte de Broglie to Vienna, where he was named field-marshal by Maria Theresa. His defence of Schweidnitz against Frederick II. of Prussia in 1762 is one of the most striking episodes in the military history of the eighteenth century. As inspector-general of artillery he originated many improvements in that branch of the military service.—R. M., B.
GRIBOYEDOFF, Alexander Sergievitch von, an eminent Russian statesman and dramatist, born in 1795. He made himself familiar with English, French, and German literature, and is best known as the author of a comedy in which he satirized the manners of Russian society. He had previously written other poetical pieces with good success. He took part in the Russian campaign of 1812, and was mainly occupied in state affairs till 1828, when he was sent as ambassador to Teheran on business connected with the treaty of Turkmantchai. While engaged in the duties of his mission, he thought it right to apprehend two Georgian or Armenian women. A tumult ensued, and an attack was made upon the embassy, in which six of the rioters were killed. The result was that a vast multitude rushed together, stormed the ambassador's house, and murdered him and all who were with him, except his secretary and three others. This was in February, 1829.—B. H. C.
GRIERSON, Constantia, a woman of great learning and genius, was born of humble parentage, in the county of Kilkenny in Ireland, about the year 1706. Forced from her childhood to earn her bread by needlework, she employed every spare moment in the acquisition of knowledge, for which she had an insatiable thirst. The minister of the parish first instructed her, then she became her own instructress, so that In her eighteenth year she was versed in French, Latin, Greek and Hebrew, while she also applied herself to philosophy, divinity, and mathematics. It was at this age that she went to Dr. Pilkington to be instructed in midwifery. "My father," says the doctor's daughter, "readily consented to accept of Constantia as a pupil, and gave her a general invitation to his table, by which means we were rarely asunder. The most delightful hours I ever passed were in the society of this female philosopher." Constantia married Mr. George Grierson, an eminent printer in Dublin, and wrote many poems, some of which were published by Mrs. Barber in her own works. She also wrote on religious and philosophical subjects. She edited Tacitus with ability and learning; indeed it was pronounced by competent authority to be one of the best-edited books ever published. This she dedicated to Lord Cartaret, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland. She next edited the plays of Terence, which she dedicated to his lordship's son, with a Greek epigram. Her talents were not without reward. Lord Cartaret, in recognition of her services to literature, obtained a patent for her husband, appointing him king's printer in Ireland, an office which continued in her family till a very recent period. She would probably have been one of the most distinguished women of her age had not death prematurely terminated her labours in the 27th year of her age in 1733. Mrs. Grierson was as amiable as she was erudite, and in every relation of life exemplary and estimable. Mrs. Barber thus writes of her—"She was not only happy in a fine imagination, a great memory, an excellent understanding, and an exact judgment, but had all these crowned by virtue and piety. She was too learned to be vain, too wise to be conceited, and too clear-sighted to be irreligious. So little did she value herself upon her uncommon excellencies that she often recalled to my mind a fine reflection of a French author, 'That great geniuses should be superior to their own abilities.'"—J. F. W.
GRIES, Johann Dietrich, an eminent German translator, was born at Hamburg, 7th February, 1775. He studied law at Jena, but soon deserted it for the more congenial study of Italian and Spanish literature. He lived in literary retirement at Jena, where he enjoyed the friendship of Schiller, Göthe, Wieland, A. W. Schlegel, and other celebrities. His translations of the Gerusalemme Liberata, Orlando Furioso, Orlando Inamorato, and of the dramas of Calderon, are classical and hitherto unparalleled performances. He died in his native town on the 9th February, 1842.—K. E.
GRIESBACH, Johann Jacob, was born 4th January, 1745, at Buttzbach in Hesse-Darmstadt, and was a grandson, by his mother's side, of the eminent and pious Professor Rambach of Giessen. His father having, soon after his son's birth, removed to Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Griesbach commenced his grammatical studies in that place. In 1762 he went to the university of Tübingen, and thence in succession to the university of Halle, where he spent two years, and finally to that of Leipsic. In 1767 he returned to Halle, and took the degree of A.M. Here he felt the influence of Semler, and first directed his studies to that peculiar branch of theological science which occupied the remainder of his life. His chosen sphere of labour was the text of the New Testament; but he had not neglected either philosophy or literature, dogmatics or church history. As a preparatory step, he made a tour, in 1769, of the principal places in which MSS. of the New Testament were treasured in Germany, Holland, and England; and many examinations and some collations were the result. In our own country, in which he spent several months, the universities and the British Museum were, as may be supposed, his favourite places of resort and critical research. He pursued the same course in France, after leaving England, and returned in 1770 to Frankfort, laden with the fruits of his literary pilgrimages, and honoured by an intimate and encouraging correspondence with the most eminent literati of Europe. In 1771 he read as an academic exercise an essay, "De codicibus quatuor evangeliorum Origenianis," and awakened great interest in his pursuits. In 1773 he was appointed extraordinary professor of theology at Halle. His growing fame led, two years afterwards, to his translation to Jena, of which university he was chosen rector in 1780; and there he lived and laboured at his one great task till his death, on the 24th of March. 1812. His first edition of the New Testament was published at Halle in 1774-75, in three parts, and specially for the use of his students at Jena. He arranged the gospels synoptically—or formed of them what is usually called a Harmony; which, however, as it was constructed with great dislocation of the inspired narratives, did not give general satisfaction. The editions of Mill, Bengel, and Wetstein in particular, were principally made use of by him; and his elaborate theory may be best seen in some of its aspects in this first edition. In 1777 he published "Curæ in historiam textûs G. Epistolarum Paulin.," and in 1784, "Programma de
