the duke of Gotha to the French court. After the outbreak of the Revolution, Grimm fled from Paris to Gotha, where he was nominated councillor of state and minister plenipotentiary at Hamburg by the Empress Katharina. A severe illness obliged him to resign this post, and he died at Gotha, December 19, 1807. His "Correspondence Littéraire" has been several times reprinted, abridged, and translated into English and German; an admirable review of it is to be found in Jeffrey's Essays.—K. E.
GRIMM, Jakob Ludwig, one of the greatest linguists of modern times, was born at Hanau, 4th January, 1785. He was educated at the gymnasium of Cassel and devoted himself to the study of law at the university of Marburg. In 1805 he assisted Professor Savigny in some literary labours at Paris, and in 1806 entered the civil service of the elector of Hesse-Cassel. On the recommendation of Johannes von Muller, he was promoted by King Jerome to the librarianship at Wilhelmshöhe, and in 1817 acted as secretary to the Hessian ambassador at the head-quarters of the allied monarchs and the congress of Vienna, whence he was sent to Paris by the Prussian government in order to bring back those manuscripts of which the German libraries had been despoiled by the French armies. On his return Grimm resolved upon resigning the administrative service, and again obtained an assistant librarianship at Cassel, an office which enabled him to pursue his favourite studies with unremitting zeal and energy. When, however, in 1829, another officer passed over his head to the head librarianship, he felt so deeply injured that he gladly accepted a chair and an assistant librarianship at Göttingen. Here he lectured during seven years with marked success, on the German language, literature, and antiquities. But when in 1837 he signed the celebrated protest against the constitution arbitrarily introduced by King Ernest Augustus, he was deprived of his office and banished the kingdom. For some years he lived in retirement at Cassel, till in 1841 he was called to Berlin, where in the capacity of academician he resumed lecturing in the university. In 1846 and 1847 he presided over the congresses of the Germanists at Frankfort and Lubeck, and in 1848 was a conspicuous member of the Frankfort national assembly. In all these various offices Grimm proved himself a man of spotless purity of mind and character. Unbiassed by ambition or the love of gain, the bent of his mind was invariably directed towards the highest ends of literature and humanity. He considered it as the true office of a scholar to strengthen the love of country, to administer justice, and to be subservient to truth alone. J. Grimm was the father of historical grammar, and by his German Grammar laid the foundation for the historical knowledge of languages in general. He expounded the laws of etymology, the rules by which sounds and letters are changed in different languages, and thus furnished a true Ariadne's thread by which the history and development of the Teutonic languages can with safety be traced to their common stock and origin. To him the division of the language into the old, middle, and modern German is due. In his "History of the German language" he opened a new field for discovery, and many parts of the history of German literature and civilization will have to be re-written according to the results of his researches. His "Deutsche Rechtsalterthumer," his "Weisthumer," and his "Deutsche Mythologie," are no less important works, in which not only a store of ample materials has been accumulated, but in which the innermost life and poetry of the people's mind have been brought to light. By his standard editions of numerous old German poems (for instance, Reinhart Fuchs, Andreas und Elene, &c.), and his excellent monographs on various topics of grammar, literature, and antiquities (for instance, on the origin of language), Grimm shed a flood of light on these provinces of learning. His collection of Mährchen, published conjointly with his brother Wilhelm, has not only become a household book, but has given rise to a host of imitations, continuations, and translations. Last, but by no means least, we must mention the great dictionary of the German language, left unfinished at his death, which he undertook conjointly with his brother, and in which the whole store of German words since the time of Luther was intended to be treasured up. Grimm died 20th September, 1863.—K. E.
GRIMM, Wilhelm Karl, brother of the preceding, a distinguished German linguist, was born at Hanau, February 24, 1786, and together with his brother studied law at Marburg. In 1814 he was appointed assistant librarian at Cassel, in 1830 librarian, and in 1835 professor extraordinary at Göttingen. In 1841 he followed his brother to Berlin, and from that time they lived together in most brotherly unity, till Wilhelm, of whose family the unmarried elder brother was a dearly beloved member, was summoned away by death in 1859. He edited a number of old and middle German poems, wrote several deeply learned treatises on German literature and antiquities, and materially assisted his more gifted brother in the publication of the Mährchen and the Wörterbuch.—K. E.
GRIMOALD, son of Pepin of Lauden, succeeded him in the mayoralty of the Austrasian palace, after a struggle with some competitors, about 640. Sigebert III. was then king of Austrasia; and at his death in 656 Grimoald attempted to substitute his own son for the rightful heir, Dagobert II., whom he sent into Ireland. But the career of the ambitious mayor was arrested in a few months by Clovis II. His grandnephew, one of the sons of Pepin of Heristal, also bore the name of Grimoald. He was appointed mayor of Neustria; married Theudelinda, a daughter of the king of Frisia; and was assassinated in the church of St. Lambert, at Jopil, in 714.—W. B.
GRIMOALD, seventeenth duke of Benevento, was at the court of Charlemagne in the capacity of a hostage, when his father's death gave him the inheritance of the throne of Lombardy in 787. He was dismissed to his sovereignty on condition of feudal submission; but the allegiance thus imposed upon him was afterwards renounced, and he rendered himself famous by the courage and ability with which he sustained till his death an obstinate struggle against the Frankish power, and also against the Greek emperor, whose near relative he had married and divorced.—W. B.
GRIMOALD. See Grimbold.
GRIMSHAWE, Rev. Thomas Shuttleworth, was born at Preston in 1777, became vicar of Biddenham in 1808, and rector of Burton Latimer, Northamptonshire, in 1809. In 1828 he published the "Life of the Rev. Legh Richmond," of which an eleventh edition appeared in 1846; and in 1835-36 the "Life and Works of Cowper," in 8 vols. Mr. Grimshawe was much distinguished by his zeal and activity in the Jewish and church missionary cause, and at the age of about seventy years undertook a voyage to Egypt, ascended the Nile to Thebes, and subsequently visited Jerusalem and the adjacent parts of the Holy Land. In 1843 he published a small volume "On the Future Restoration and Conversion of the Jews." He died, February 17, 1850.—G. BL.
GRIMSTON, Sir Harbottle, Master of the Rolls during nearly the whole reign of Charles II., was of an ancient and honourable family in Essex, being the second son of Sir Harbottle Grimston, Bart , of Bradfield, in that county. He was born in 1594, and educated in Lincoln's inn for the law. When in 1624 the death of the elder brother made the second heir, young Harbottle abandoned the profession, but was forced back to the bar by a tender passion for the daughter of Judge Croke, who would not consent to his daughter's marriage unless the lover returned to his studies. In 1638 Grimston was made recorder of Colchester, the burgesses of which town chose him to represent them in the parliament of 1640. Taking the popular side in the great controversies of that day, he sat on most of the committees for the redress of grievances. But as the revolution progressed he inclined to the more moderate of the reforming parties; and when the final division took place between the presbyterians and independents, between the city and the army, he was on the side of the presbyterians and against the army. The member for Colchester was one of those who signed the solemn league and covenant with Scotland. He was appointed one of the commissioners to negotiate a reconciliation with the king, then confined in the Isle of Wight; and he and Hollis, it is said, went on their knees to Charles, conjuring him to give way at once to their demands ere the extreme party should obtain absolute mastery of the kingdom. The execution of the king drove Grimston quite out of the arena of politics, and he went abroad for some time. In 1656 he was elected one of the sixteen representatives of the county of Essex in Cromwell's parliament; and in 1660 was chosen speaker of that parliament which resolved upon the restoration of Charles II. He accompanied Sir John Granville on his mission to the king, then at Breda in Holland, and enjoyed no little of the royal favour then and afterwards. For the assistance he gave in bringing about the Restoration, he was rewarded with the mastership of the Rolls in November, 1660, an office which he held until his death, twenty-three years later. He was also appointed chief steward
