year residentiary chaplain of the Saviour's church at Christianhavn. But again his theological opinions gave offence, and in 1825 he was not only obliged to resign his office, but was fined 200 rix-dollars, and subjected to a censure, which was not rescinded for thirteen years. Again he returned to private literary life, published a selection from his sermons, edited a monthly magazine, and wrote his "Rhymed Chronicle for Children." From 1829 to 1831 he again devoted himself to his Anglo-Saxon studies, and made, with the royal assistance, several journeys to England, where he industriously studied the Anglo-Saxon records at Exeter, Cambridge, and in the British Museum; and made the acquaintance of various learned men of this country. In 1832 he obtained permission to preach every Sunday evening in Frederik's church, Christianhavn, which he continued to do for seven years, and was then appointed to the church of the Holy Ghost of Varton's hospital, Copenhagen. It is impossible to give a complete list of the works of this industrious author, but further must be mentioned his great work, "Nordens Mythologie eller Sindbilledsprog, historisk-poetisk udviklet og oplyst," published in 1832. In 1837 and 1841 he brought out his fine collection of psalms and hymns, "Sangvœrk til den danske Kirke." In 1843 he again visited England to make himself acquainted with the religious movements there. As a preacher Grundtvig is full of fiery zeal and eloquence. He is opposed to all rationalistic views of religion. Slowly acknowledged by his country, he has lived to attain the place which his intellect deserves, and to exercise the most vital influence on the religious life of the nation.—M. H.
* GRUNER, Ludwig, a German engraver, was born at Dresden in February, 1801; learned design in the Dresden academy, and engraving of Herr Krüger of Prague; and then, in 1821 proceeded to Italy, where he studied under the distinguished engravers Longhi and Alderoni of Milan. Herr Gruner's first essays with the burin were a portrait by Velasquez, and some other works of a similar class; but later he has chiefly devoted himself to the study of the great Italian painters, working in the churches of Italy, as well as the principal European galleries. Of greatest value to the art-student, however, have been the series of engravings draw with admirable fidelity directly from the works themselves, which he has at different times published. During his residence in England Herr Gruner published, under the patronage of the court, the "Decorations of the Garden Pavilion in the Grounds of Buckingham Palace," folio, 1840; and under the authority of the council of education a series of "Eighty Specimens of Ornamental Art, selected from the best Models of the Classical Epochs," folio, 1850, intended primarily for the use of the government schools of design.—J. T—e.
* GRUNERT, Johann-August, professor of mathematics in the university of Greifswald, and corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Vienna, was born at Halle on the 7th of February, 1797. He studied at the university of Göttingen, where he obtained the degree of doctor of philosophy in 1820. He became professor of mathematics and physics in the gymnasium of Torgau in 1821, and in that of Brandenburg in 1828, and was appointed to the professorship of mathematics at Greifswald in 1833. His writings are many and voluminous, consisting to a great extent of text-books on various branches of pure and applied mathematics—some of these branches, though of much importance, being rarely studied or written upon. He is also the author of several original papers on mathematical, physical, and astronomical subjects, most of which have appeared in the Memoirs of the Vienna Academy, and in a journal of which he is the editor, entitled "Archiv der Mathematik und Physik," and published at Greifswald.—R.
* GRUPPE, Otto Friedrich, a German poet and litterateur, was born at Dantzic, 15th April, 1804. After the completion of his studies he settled at Berlin, where in 1844 he was appointed professor extraordinary, but barred himself from a higher career by his opposition to the philosophy of Hegel, which at that time was openly patronized by the Prussian government. He had directed a comedy in the Aristophanic vein, "The Winds," against that eminent philosopher. Gruppe has not only distinguished himself by his epic and dramatic poems, "Alboin," "Kaiser Karl," "Otto von Wittelsbach," &c.; but also by his learned and tasteful works on Greek and Latin poetry, "Ariadne, or the tragic art of the Greeks;" the "Fragments of Archytas;" the "Latin Elegy;" "Deutsche Übersetzungskunst."—K. E.
GRUTER, Janus, also called James and John, was born at Antwerp, December 3, 1560. His mother was an Englishwoman, who was herself well skilled in Greek, Latin, and several modern languages. His father was banished by Philip II., and removed with his family to England, where he settled at Norwich. Young Gruter was sent to complete his education at Cambridge. In 1576, however, he went to Leyden, where he studied civil law and general literature. He subsequently returned to Antwerp, but when that city was besieged by the duke of Parma in 1584 he went to France; after which he visited other countries. In 1586 he read lectures at Rostock. Thence he removed to Poland, and in 1589 was made professor of history at Wittenberg. This post he soon after vacated on conscientious grounds, and went to Heidelberg, where he obtained a similar appointment, which he retained for many years. On the capture of Heidelberg in 1622, he lost his valuable library, and retired to Bretten, and soon after to Tübingen, where he continued for some time, but went back to Bretten, where he remained till 1627. In that year he was seized with mortal illness, and died ten days after on the 20th of September. His body was buried in St. Peter's church at Heidelberg. Notwithstanding his misfortunes, Gruter was greatly honoured in his time. His chief work, the "Thesaurus Inscriptionum," was first published about 1601, and dedicated to the Emperor Rodolphus II., who was so delighted with it that he gave the author the choice of his reward. Gruter only asked a general license for all the books he might publish, to which the emperor added the privilege of licensing others. When he lost his library, while the pope ordered all the MSS. to be sent to Rome, he gave leave for the restoration of the printed books, which Tilly, however, would not surrender. Gruter is not regarded as a genius, but as a man whose powers of amassing knowledge were enormous. He had an equal facility of producing books, and his various publications would occupy a large space in any library. He was moderate but not undecided in his religious opinions, and was no friend to controversy; yet he was attacked by Philip Paræus as having more respect for a sentence of Apuleius or of Petronius than for all the precepts of Jesus Christ—which was both unjust and untrue. He also had a dispute with the learned Denis Godefroy, about the works of Seneca.—B. H. C.
GRYLLUS, the eldest son of Xenophon, having resided with his father in Elis and accompanied him to Corinth, served in the Athenian army at the battle of Mantinæa in 362 b.c. In that battle he fell, having distinguished himself by his valour; by his hand, according to some accounts, Epaminondas the general of the opposing force was slain in the arms of victory.—W. B.
GRYNÆUS, Johannes Jacobus, was born at Berne, October 1, 1540. He was the son of Thomas, the nephew of Simon (the subject of the following article), a professor at Basle and Berne, who died in 1564. He had a brother, Simon, who was a professor at Heidelberg, and died in 1582. J. J. Grynæus studied at Basle and Tübingen, and became a protestant minister at Röteln, where he laboured hard for several years. While there he edited the Orthodoxographa, a collection of Greek and Latin christian authors; and also the works of Eusebius, Origen, and Irenæus; the Adagia of Erasmus, &c. In 1575 he removed to Basle, where he was appointed professor of the Old Testament. While there he lectured on Genesis, the Psalms, the minor prophets, &c. There, also, he published an epitome of the Old Testament; a treatise on faith, hope, and charity; theses on the history of man, and the apostles' creed; a chronology of evangelical history; and the chief points of christian doctrine. In 1584 he accepted an invitation to Heidelberg, to a professorship in the university there. Soon after, he presided at a great discussion on the eucharist at Heidelberg, whence he was recalled to Basle in the beginning of 1586. He remained at Heidelberg till his death in August, 1617, after a life of abundant labours as a professor, a preacher, and a writer. His published works are very numerous.—B. H. C.
GRYNÆUS, Simon, a learned protestant scholar and divine, was born in humble circumstances at Veringen in Hohenzollern in 1493. He studied at Pfortzheim at the same time as Melancthon, between whom and himself a lasting friendship sprang up. He next proceeded to Vienna, where he took a degree and was appointed Greek professor. Having espoused the cause of the protestants, he was exposed to peril and annoyance, and compelled to remove from place to place. We find that he suffered imprisonment at Baden, and that he held a conference with Luther and Melancthon at Wittenberg. He was after-
