GUANERIUS (Latinised from Guaneri or Guanerio), the name of three celebrated violin-makers—all born at Cremona. Pietro Andrea, born about 1630, was a pupil of Geronimo Amati; he made his best instruments between the years 1662 and 1680.—Pietro, his son, born about 1670, learned his delicate art from his father; the instruments he made at Cremona are dated prior to 1700, when he removed to Mantua, where he continued the manufacture of violins until 1717.—Giuseppe, nephew of Pietro Andrea, studied in the factory of the famous Straduarius; he was more distinguished as a maker than any of his family, and his violins are now more highly valued. He was younger than his cousin.—G. A. M.
GUARDI, Francesco, an Italian painter, was born in Venice in 1712, and became the scholar and successful imitator of the celebrated Canaletto. Their works are so much alike in subject and style, that the pictures of Guardi are commonly attributed to Canaletto. Guardi's works, consisting chiefly of Venetian views, are rich and forcible in their colouring; but he was careless and sketchy in the execution of his figures, and he remained far behind Canaletto in the accuracy of his architectural details. He died at Venice in 1793.—R. N. W.
GUARINI or GUARINO of Verona was born in that city in 1370. A pupil of John of Ravenna, he was one of the first restorers of classic learning in Italy, and the first Italian who ever delivered public lectures on Greek. Anxious to obtain the greatest possible knowledge of that language, Guarini went to Constantinople, and for five years frequented the far-famed school of Emanuel Chrisolora. The writings of Guarini are but little known; and his reputation rests principally on a Latin translation of seventeen books of Strabo, intrusted to him by Pope Nicholas V. Guarini translated many of Plutarch's writings, and the Evagora of Isocrates. He wrote also a life of Aristotle, published at Verona in 1539; a life of Plato; some notes on Cicero; and an abridgment of Chrisolora's Greek grammar, published under the title of "Erotemata." Many of his poetical compositions in Latin, together with a treatise entitled "De ordine docendi ac studendi," were published at Modena in 1438. Guarini left a numerous family; and his eldest son Giovanni Battista succeeded him in the management of his school at Verona. In his old age Guarini visited Venice, Milan, and Ferrara; in which last city he died towards the end of the year 1460.—A. C. M.
GUARINI, Guarino, an Italian architect, was born at Modena in 1624, and practised at Turin, where he erected several important buildings including the Porta del Po; the circular chapel of the Sudario; the churches of S. Lorenzo and S. Filippo; the palaces of Prince Filiberto of Savoy and of Prince Carignano. He also erected the churches of S. Vincenzo at Modena, and Somaschi at Messina. Indeed, so wide spread was his celebrity that he was called upon to design churches for Lisbon (Sta. Maria Providenzia), Prague (Sta. Maria), and even Paris (Ste. Anna); but all his works are marked by the exaggeration of classic forms and grotesque ornamentation then so much in vogue in Italy. Though his taste is not to be admired, Guarini was a learned and accomplished architect, as is shown by his mathematical works, "Placita Philosophica," &c., and his treatise on Civil Architecture. He died in 1683.—J. T—e.
GUARINI, Giovanni Battista, son of Guarini of Verona, professor of Greek and Latin in the university of Ferrara, born in Verona about the year 1425; died at Venice in 1513. Though once sent as ambassador into France, he appears on the whole to have led the quiet life of a man of letters. He has left several original Latin works, besides translations from Demosthenes, Plautus, Dion Chrysostom, and St. Gregory Nazianzen; he first published the Commentaries of Servius on Virgil, and assisted his father, Guarino of Verona, in recovering the MS. of Catullus. The eminent scholars, Giraldi and Aldus Manutius, were amongst the number of his pupils.—C. G. R.
GUARINI, Giovanni Battista, born at Ferrara, 10th December, 1537. He entered very early the university of Padua, where his father, who filled the professorship of belles-lettres, inspired him with literary ambition. At his father's death, although but twenty years of age, Guarini was appointed his successor. His learning soon attracted the attention of Alfonso d'Este, duke of Ferrara, whose court was at that time the resort of all the great men of Italy. Here Guarini became acquainted with Torquato Tasso; and such was the affection that sprung up between them that when all others had deserted the unfortunate lover of Eleonora, Guarini remained his staunch defender and friend. He received from the duke of Ferrara the honour of knighthood, and was intrusted with many important missions at various courts. During a period of fourteen years Guarini served the duke with the utmost ability and disinterestedness, losing even a great portion of his patrimony, without obtaining any compensation; but at length, becoming weary of unrequited labours, he left Ferrara and went to Savoy as private secretary to Duke Philibert. He was afterwards in the service of Vicenzo Gonzaga, duke of Mantua; but soon tired of courtly life, withdrew to his rural residence—Guarina, near Reggio—to devote the whole of his time to literary pursuits. He was beginning to enjoy his retreat, when the death of his beloved wife filled him with so much affliction that he resolved to enter the church, undertaking for that purpose the journey to Rome. His great ambition, however, and the enticing remembrance of courtly honours and splendour, made him give up his too hasty resolve; and he returned to Ferrara, whence he repaired to Florence, where Ferdinand loaded him with honours and riches. Quarrelling with his patron, he sought the protection of the duchess of Urbino, who composed his dispute with the Tuscan court. He was sent in 1603 by the grand duke to Pope Paul V., and to Poland and Vienna, charged with negotiations of the greatest importance. His private life, however, was always embittered by misfortune. After the death of his wife, his three sons were a continual source of grief to him, on account of their disputes with respect to the partition of a scanty patrimony; but the heaviest blow he ever received was the death of his daughter Anne by the dagger of a jealous husband. In the midst of all these calamities, Guarini was not unmindful of his early ambition to distinguish himself as a poet. And now, eager to be the rival of Tasso in verse, as once he had been in love, he produced his "Il Pastor fido," an imitation, often too servile, of Tasso's Aminta. This work, although replete with poetical beauties of the first order, is very inferior to its model, and owes its renown principally to its splendid versification and its purity of diction. Besides this poem, considered by Tiraboschi next in merit to the celebrated Aminta, Guarini left five Latin orations, many sonnets, a play entitled "L'Idropica;" a collection of his diplomatic correspondence, better known by the name of "Il Segretario," and a treatise on political liberty, now preserved in Nani's library at Venice, in which city he died on the 6th of October, 1612.—A. C. M.
GUARINO, better known by the name of Varinus or Favorinus, was born at Favora, near Camerino in Umbria, in 1450. Under the direction of the famous Poliziano he became a profound classical scholar; and having entered the benedictine order, he devoted the whole of his time to the compilation of a Greek lexicon, which established his fame as the best Hellenist of his time. Guarino having become tutor to Giovanni de Medici, was intrusted by the family of his pupil with the custody of their magnificent library; and when Giovanni ascended the papal throne, under the name of Leo X., he received the bishopric of Nocera in 1514. Guarino's principal work is entitled "Magnum Dictionarium, sive thesaurus universæ Græcæ linguæ." He died in 1537.—A. C. M.
GUASCO, Ottaviano di, Count of Clavières, was born at Pignerol, Piedmont, of a noble family in 1712; died in Verona, 10th March, 1781. He quitted his own country in 1738 for France, where he obtained the canonry of Tournai. He belonged to learned societies in that country and in England. He was a man of lively susceptibility, and a close friend to Montesquieu. He lived in Verona the last twenty years of his life. Among his chief works are—a "Traité des Asiles, tant sacrés que politiques," 1756; and an "Essai Historique sur l'Usage des Statues chez les Anciens," 1768.—W. M. R.
GUATEMOZIN or QUAUHTEMOZIN, last Aztec emperor of Mexico, nephew and son-in-law of Montezuma, was raised to the throne in 1520 at the age of twenty-five. He soon became an able and determined opponent of the Spanish conquerors. Besieged in his capital, he defended himself to the last with a skill which excited the admiration of Cortes himself; then, attempting to escape across a lake, he was captured, and as he had announced, the whole of his followers then submitted to the conquerors. He was tortured almost to death, to make him reveal the hiding-place of the treasures he was supposed to have buried. Cortes, stung with shame, released his prisoner before it was too late; but, about three years afterwards (1525), fearing lest his name should become the pretext for an insurrection, he
