but on one memorable occasion found no better advice to give his constituents than this—"Enrich yourselves!" As foreign minister there is little to blame in the policy of M. Guizot's long ministry, for on this point the king was prudent; and till the foolish incident of the Spanish marriages, there was no complaint to make of France externally. But it was as presiding minister, as premier, that M. Guizot's action was so deplorable. The form taken by his opinions, was that of resistance to an extension of the right of suffrage. Louis Philippe was so averse from any electoral reform, that his minister well knew he would make him his first victim; and therefore to keep his office, and really blinding himself to the danger of the consequences, M. Guizot obstinately resisted any effort to admit a larger number of citizens to the elective franchise. He committed precisely the same faults he had seen committed by the ministers of Charles X., and their fate was his. He fell, dragging the ministry with him in his fall. He affected to believe, or did believe, in his "majority" in the chamber; but it did not stand upon any basis of its own; it represented nothing, nor had any support from out of doors. During the famous debates on the address in February, 1848, M. Guizot did battle for his cause with matchless eloquence. But his cause was condemned—mere words could not save it. The republic of 1848 was established, and M. Guizot, escaping threatened impeachment, has since then retired into private life.
His work, now in course of publication, the "Memoirs" of his own life, is the one that will probably do him most honour; for, if all the egregious shortcomings, the fatal mistakes, that are chronicled therein prove how unfit a man was the author to rule the destinies of a state, still the undisguised recital of them does infinite credit to his impartiality. M. Guizot's political failure rests on a double error. He himself mistook vanity and a desire for personal importance for true ambition; and those in whose grant lay office, mistook in him the qualities of a professor for those of a politician. M. Guizot was an almost incomparable orator, and a great historical critic; he possessed all that may qualify a man to be eminent as a teacher or a preacher; he was utterly wanting in those strong inborn governing instincts, without which statecraft is a science never learnt. He could expatiate magnificently on other men's deeds, and explain them. He was not a doer of deeds himself, and therefore not a ruler of men.
GULDBERG, Ove, a Danish statesman and man of letters, born at Horsens of a tradesman's family, September 1, 1731. He united with Schytte, Sneedorf, and others in the improvement of the Danish prose. His historic productions are masterpieces; but as a statesman, though distinguished for firmness and ability, he was cold, cautious, and despotic. He succeeded Struensee, and set aside indiscriminately the good and the bad measures of that rash but remarkable reformer. In 1784 Guldberg received the appointment of governor of the diocese of Aarhuus, and devoted his time to scientific studies and theology. He died February 8, 1808.—His son, Frederik Höegh, was well known as a genial poet, and the translator of Tibullus, Terence, and Plautus. He died in 1852 at Copenhagen.—M. H.
GULDENSTAEDT, Johann Antonius, a distinguished Russian writer, a native of Riga, where he was born in 1745. He studied at Berlin and at Frankfort-on-the-Oder. In 1768 and the seven following years he was engaged in scientific researches in the remoter provinces of Russia, by order of Catherine II. He was professor of natural history at St. Petersburg from 1775 to 1780, and died in 1781. He wrote a number of works on geography and natural history, some of which he published very early in life, and others appeared after his death. His knowledge was extensive and accurate, and his works are curious and instructive.—B. H. C.
GULDIN, Habbakuk (afterwards Paul), an eminent Swiss mathematician, was born at St. Gall, of protestant parents, in 1577, and died at Graetz on the 3rd of November, 1643. He began life as a travelling goldsmith. In 1597, having been converted to the Church of Rome, he joined the order of jesuits, and exchanged his baptismal name of Habbakuk for that of Paul. Having distinguished himself in the study of mathematics, he was appointed, in 1609, professor of mathematics in the jesuits' college in Rome; whence he afterwards removed to take the same appointment at Graetz. His mathematical writings were very voluminous. The most important of them are contained in a large folio volume published at Vienna in 1635, and entitled "Centrobarytica;" its principal part being a treatise on the centres of gravity of bodies. A set of propositions first published in it are known by the name of "Guldin's theorems," or the "properties of Guldinus."—W. J. M. R.
* GULLY, James Manby, physician, principally known by his eminently successful practice of the hydropathic treatment of disease at Malvern in Worcestershire. He was born in the year 1808, at Kingston in Jamaica, in which island his father owned a flourishing coffee plantation. He came to England in 1814, and some years afterwards became a pupil of the Rev. Dr. Pulford at Liverpool, from whose school he was subsequently transferred to the college de St. Barbe at Paris. In the year 1825 he entered the university of Edinburgh, where he remained in residence for three years, when he removed to the ecole de medicine at Paris, where he continued his studies during another year as an externe pupil and dresser at the Hotel Dieu, under the celebrated French surgeon and operator Dupuytren. In 1829 he took the degree of M.D. at Edinburgh, and at once proceeded to London, where he established himself as a physician in 1830. In 1834 he published a translation of Tiedemann's Physiologie des Menschen. Between the years 1833 and 1836 he took considerable part in the editing of the London Medical Journal and of the Liverpool Medical Gazette. In the former he published a condensed account of Broussais' Lectures on General Pathology, and in the latter, numerous physiological and pathological papers. In 1839 he published a "Treatise on Neuropathia," and in 1841 a work entitled the "Simple Treatment of Disease." It was immediately after the publication of this work that the treatment of disease by water processes, then lately introduced into notice by Priessnitz, first attracted Dr. Gully's serious attention; and in 1842 he gave up his London practice, and established himself at Malvern for the purpose of carrying out the new method of treatment under the most favourable circumstances. His work entitled "The Water Cure in Chronic Disease," published in 1846, eighth edition, 1859, has the merit of explaining in simple, and yet in perfectly scientific language, what diseases are, and what are the processes by which the means employed for the reduction act upon them. Dr. Gully is indebted for his professional eminence not more to his skill in the application of remedies than to his singular quickness in detecting the presence and the nature of disease.—W. C.
GUNDLING, Nicolaus Hieronymus, the son of Wolfgang Gundling, a German divine of some eminence, was born near Nuremberg in 1671. He studied at Altdorf and Leipsic, after which he entered the ministry, but subsequently removed to Halle, where he studied law, philosophy, &c., and became a privy councillor and professor. He was a hard student and a prolific writer, quick in his perceptions, but often paradoxical in his judgments; he had a lively imagination, and wrote in an attractive style. He had considerable influence in his time by his independence of thought and expression, but his numerous works are now but little read. He died in 1729.—B. H. C.
GUNDULF, who held the bishopric of Rochester at the close of the eleventh century, was one of the Norman ecclesiastics whom the Conquest brought to England, His taste and skill in architecture not only found employment on the cathedral and castle of his diocesan city, but were called into requisition at the Tower of London, where the portion now called the White Tower was erected under his superintendence. He died in 1108.—W. B.
GUNNING, Peter, D.D., Bishop of Ely, was born at Hoo in Kent in 1613, and was educated at Clare Hall, Cambridge, of which he became a fellow and tutor in 1633. Having taken orders, he obtained the curé of Little St. Mary's, and soon acquired much fame as a preacher; but his unbounded zeal for the church and king rendered him obnoxious to the parliamentary party, who imprisoned him for a short time, and then deprived him of his fellowship. He removed to Oxford, where he was appointed one of the chaplains of New college, and sometimes preached before the court. After the Restoration his faithful adherence to the royal cause was richly rewarded; he was restored to his fellowship, created D.D. by royal mandate, presented to a prebend in the church of Canterbury, instituted to two rectories, and made successively master of Corpus Christi and of St. John's college, Cambridge. In 1670 he obtained the bishopric of Chichester, and in 1674 was translated to Ely, where he died in 1684. Dr. Gunning was reckoned one of the most learned prelates of his time; he was very charitable, but was much given to disputation, in which he was more subtle
