self, he restored the cathedral of that town, which had been demolished by the cannon of the puritans. The college at which he was educated, and many other public institutions, also benefited by his liberality. He was the author of a "Life of Archbishop Williams," which is still prized for the information it contains regarding the times immediately preceding the civil wars. Abridged editions of this work were published in 1700 and 1715. A Life of Hacket, by Dr. Plume, prefixed to a hundred of his sermons, was published in 1675. An edition of his "Christian Consolations" was published in 1840.—J. S., G.
* HACKLAENDER, Friedrich Wilhelm, a prolific German novelist, was born at Burtscheid, near Aix-la-Chapelle, November 1, 1816, and bred for the mercantile profession, which, however, he soon deserted for a literary career. After having extensively travelled, and witnessed the Italian war in the headquarters of Marshal Radetzky, he has taken up his residence near Stuttgart. His numerous novels, tales, sketches, and comedies, though popular, do not rise above the common level.—K. E.
HACKSPANN, Theodor or Theodoric, an eminent Lutheran scholar and divine, was born at Weimar in 1607. He studied at Helmstädt, where the celebrated Georg Calixtus was at that time theological professor. He produced a number of works which exhibit great learning, and prove him to have been well versed, not only in Christian, but in Jewish and Mohammedan literature. He was appointed first professor of Hebrew and oriental languages at Altorf, where he continued till his death, in January, 1659. As a theologian, he was of the Helmstädt school, which was characterized by the freedom with which it handled strict Lutheran orthodoxy.—(See Calixtus, Georg; and Weismanni Hist. Eccles. N. T. P., 1194, &c.) Hackspann's epitaph, which commends very highly his virtues and his erudition, intimates that he received no academical honours—"Nomen nullis titulis insignitum, titulis dignum omnibus vel etiam excelsius." The numerous writings of Hackspann attest his industry and learning, and his zeal in promoting sacred literature. Among his works, all in Latin, may be mentioned his "Miscellanea Sacra;" "Philologico-theological Annotations on some of the more difficult passages of the Old and New Testaments;" "Arabico-Syriac Observations on the Scriptures;" "Dissertation on the Jewish Cabbala;" "The Faith and Laws of Mohammed;" "The Names of Angels and Demons;" "Theological and Philological Disputations," &c.—B. H. C.
HACO, the name of several Norwegian kings, the most remarkable of whom are:—
Haco, surnamed the Good, youngest son of Harald Haarfager. He was brought up by King Athelstan in England, and died in 961.
Haco IV., the natural son of Haco III., began his reign in 1219 at the age of thirteen, and died in 1263 while engaged in a warlike expedition against Scotland.
Haco V., Magnussön, succeeded his brother in 1299 and died in 1319, leaving the crown of Norway to his grandson, Magnus Smek, who had before been acknowledged king of Sweden.
Haco VI., the second son of the above-mentioned Magnus Smek, born in 1340, was elected king of Norway in his third year in room of his father, who was also at the same time deprived of Sweden. Magnus Smek died in 1374, and Haco ten years later.
HACQUET, Balthasar, an eminent naturalist, born in 1740 at Conquet in Brittany. When yet a very young man, he passed into the Austrian states, and traversed as a botanical and mineralogical observer the mountains of Carniola and other remote districts. He became successively professor of surgery at Laybach, professor of natural history at Lemberg, and a member of the Council of Mines at Vienna, where he died on the 10th January, 1815. He wrote a variety of elaborate works on physical geography and natural history.—G. BL.
HADDOCK, Sir Richard, a gallant admiral under Charles II., James II., and William III., was of a respectable family at Leigh in Essex. He commanded the Portland under Rupert and Albemarle in 1666. He was wounded at the battle of Solebay, 1667, and, on carrying home despatches, received a rather whimsical distinction from Charles II., who took from his own head and placed on Haddock's a satin cap, which has since been preserved in the family. He long represented Shoreham in parliament. In 1674 he was made a commissioner of the navy, and the year after knighted. His integrity and ability were so well known that, though a strong protestant, he was in high favour with James II. By William III. he was appointed comptroller of the navy. After an honourable retirement of some years, he died at the age of eighty-four, in January, 1714-15.—J. W. F.
HADDON, Walter, LL.D., was born probably in 1516, in Buckinghamshire. He studied at Eton and at King's college, Cambridge. At the university he was remarkable for the fluency with which he wrote Latin—the result of a careful study of Cicero. There, also, he became LL.D., regius professor of civil law, professor of rhetoric, and orator of the university. In 1550 he was made vice-chancellor of Cambridge. He succeeded Bishop Gardiner as master of Trinity in 1549. In 1552 he was appointed master of Magdalen college, Oxford, but resigned the following year, on the visitation of Gardiner. Although a zealous friend of the Reformation he appears to have remained unmolested during Mary's reign. Bucer, who died in 1552, named Haddon his executor, along with Matthew Parker. He wrote congratulatory verses on the accession of Mary, and also of Elizabeth, who appointed him master of requests. Parker made him judge of the prerogative court. In 1566 he was sent on a political mission to Bruges. He took part with Sir John Cheke in preparing the "Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticorum," and defended Elizabeth against Osorius. His "Lucubrationes" were published in 1567. Haddon died early in 1572, and was buried at Christchurch, Lon don. His Life and Latin poems were published in 1576. Queen Elizabeth remarked of him, that while "she placed Buchanan before all, she put Haddon after none."—B. H. C.
HADI or HADY, Mousa al, fourth caliph of the house of the Abbasides, born about 761, succeeded his father, but only reigned one year and eighty-two days. He died in 786, having written some pieces in verse.—B. H. C.
HADIK or HADDIK, Andreas von, a Hungarian count, a general in the Austrian service, was born in 1710. He is eminent for the spirit and tact which he displayed during his military career, which extended over more than half a century. As a subaltern officer he took part in the campaign against the Turks in 1738. During the Seven Years' war he was lieutenant field-marshal. He was subsequently admitted to a post in the military department of the government. His last appearance in the field was in 1789, but his age rendered it needful for him to retire, and he died in 1790.—B. H. C.
HADJI-KHALFAH, Mustafa ben Abdallah, a celebrated Turkish biographer and historian, was born at Constantinople at the close of the sixteenth century. He took part in several military campaigns, and visited Mecca, but in 1635 he settled down at Constantinople, where he devoted himself to literary labours. He was well acquainted with the Turkish, Arabic, and Persian languages, and was a devoted student of books. That he might prosecute his researches without interruption, he resigned his offices in connection with the civil service in 1642. He had already written his "Fedzlikeh or Tarikh-Kebir," a history which extends from Adam to his own time, and which he afterwards continued to 1655. This work was presented to the grand vizier, who conferred upon its author the title of Khalfah. Before this also he had begun to lecture upon the Koran, and had laid the foundation of some of his other great works. He wrote a valuable treatise on universal geography, which has been translated into Latin, French, and German. He compiled a valuable work, which Flügel has translated under the title of Lexicon Bibliographicum et Encyclopædicum, and is in high repute. Indeed it is the basis of D'Herbelot's well-known work, and also of Von Hammer's Encyclopædia of Oriental Knowledge. Besides these, he wrote other works which exhibit extraordinary research and fidelity, and show him to have been a man of rare ability and learning, Hadji-Khalfah died in 1658.—B. H. C.
HADLEY, George, fellow of the Royal Society, was, in 1735, the first to propose the now generally-received theory of the trade-winds, according to which they are caused by the transference of air which has acquired the velocity of motion of one part of the earth's surface to another part which, being in a different latitude, has a different velocity of motion (see Phil. Trans., 1735). He is sometimes erroneously confounded with John Hadley.—W. J. M. R.
HADLEY, John, an English mathematician, the place and date of whose birth are unknown, died on the 15th of February, 1744. He was an optician in London, and was one of the first to make large reflecting telescopes for practical use. In 1716
