theus, Dædalus, Hephæstos, Phidias, Pericles, and Hadrian, for the niches in the façade, and prepared the models, from the designs of Wagner, for the pediment of the Glyptothek at Munich; also a bas-relief, from the designs of Cornelius, for the Hall of the Gods in the interior of the same building. He also executed several busts, including one of William III. of England, for the Walhalla. He died in 1826.—J. T—e.
HALLER, Karl Ludwig von, grandson of the great Haller, was born at Berne in 1768, and in his twenty-sixth year became secretary to the council of that republic. After travel on the continent and a lengthened residence at Vienna, he published several works directed against the democratic doctrines then so prevalent. Finally, he embraced the catholic religion; and removing to France, wrote largely, in the interest of legitimacy, in the Journal des Débats. After the revolution of July he returned to Switzerland, and died at Soleure in 1854. His works, which attracted considerable attention, were chiefly on political subjects, and vigorously maintained the old doctrine of divine right.—W. J. P.
HALLERSTEIN, Augustin, an astronomer, was born at Krain in 1703, and died at Pekin in 1774. Having entered the order of jesuits, he joined their mission to China in 1735, and continued there until the time of his death. He published a volume of astronomical observations made at Pekin, in which he is designated as "president and mandarin of the Mathematical Tribunal of Pekin."—W. J. M. R.
HALLET, Joseph, an eminent Arian minister, was born at Exeter in 1692. His father of the same name was copastor with the celebrated James Peirce of a respectable congregation of presbyterian dissenters in that city, and conducted an academy for the education of presbyterian ministers. After completing his education under his father, he was admitted to the ministry in 1713, and was settled as pastor in 1715 over a small congregation at Shobrook, where he remained till 1722, when he was invited to succeed his father as copastor with Mr. Peirce. While yet a student he had imbibed a partiality for the Arian views of Whiston and Clarke; and his first work, published in 1720, "The Unity of God," &c., being remarks upon a publication of Dr. Waterland, was written in opposition to orthodox doctrine on the subject of the Trinity. In 1726 he published a funeral sermon for his colleague, Mr. Peirce, and a treatise entitled "The Reconciler." More useful to the cause of truth were his numerous publications in answer to the deistical writings of Tindal, Morgan, and Chubb; while as a biblical critic, he gained much reputation by three volumes of Notes and Discourses, which he brought out at intervals between 1729 and 1736. He died at Exeter in 1744.—P. L.
HALLEY, Edmund, a celebrated astronomer, was born at Haggerston, near London, on the 26th October, 1656. He was educated at St. Paul's school under Dr. Gale, and he is said to have discovered while there the change in the variation of the needle. In 1673 he entered Queen's college, Oxford, where he devoted himself so constantly to astronomy, that before the age of twenty he had sent to the Royal Society a memoir on the orbits of the primary planets. The reputation which this brought to him was such as to induce Charles II. to send him to St. Helena to make a catalogue of the southern stars, which he published in 1699, under the title of "Catalogus Stellarum Australium." This valuable work contains the places of three hundred and fifty stars, observations on the transit of Mercury, and a suggestion that the observations on the transits of the inferior planets might enable astronomers to determine the parallax of the sun. By a royal mandamus the university of Oxford made him M.A., and he was about the same year elected F.R.S. In 1679 he went to Dantzic to decide the question, then agitated between Hooke and Hevelius, respecting the comparative merits of the telescope and simple sight in astronomical observations. In 1680 he made the tour of Europe with his friend Mr. Nelson, and observed at Paris, along with Cassini, the celebrated comet of that year. He returned to England in 1681, and was afterwards married to the daughter of Mr. Tooke, auditor of the exchequer, with whom he lived happily till his death in 1737. In 1683 he published his theory of the variation of the needle, which he considered as governed by the nearest of the two magnetic poles existing, as he believed, in each hemisphere. His father, who was a soap-boiler, having suffered from the great fire in London and become bankrupt, the studies of his son experienced some interruption; but he soon resumed his astronomical observations, and was led to inquiries respecting the law of gravity, which brought him into communication with Sir Isaac Newton. In January, 1683-84, Halley having, from the consideration of the sesquialteral proportion of Kepler, concluded that the centripetal force decreased as the squares of the distance, went from Islington to London to consult Sir Christopher Wren and Dr. Hooke on the subject. He found that both these philosophers had been led to the same law, but that neither of them, like himself, had been able to prove that it was applicable to the celestial motions. He was therefore anxious to consult Newton on the subject, and for this purpose he went to Cambridge in August, 1684, where he found that the Lucasian professor had, in a little treatise, De Motu, perfected the demonstration of the great truth that the moon was kept in her orbit by the same power in virtue of which bodies fall on the earth's surface. This treatise was the germ of the Principia, which he persuaded Newton to give to the world, after having carefully superintended the printing of the work, and published it at his own expense. A complete history of this transaction, the most interesting in the annals of astronomy, with the whole of the correspondence between Halley and Newton, a large part of which has been only recently recovered, will be found in Sir David Brewster's Memoirs of the Life, &c. &c., of Sir Isaac Newton, 2nd edit., 1860.
In 1686 Halley published papers on the trade winds and monsoons between the tropics, and subsequently several other chemico-meteorological papers, in one of which, published in 1691, and entitled "On the Circulation of the Watery Vapours of the Sea, and the Origin of Springs," he explains the beautiful law by which a constant circulation of water is maintained between the ocean and the atmosphere. In 1691 Halley was a candidate for the Savilian professorship of astronomy at Oxford, but owing to a suspicion that he was an infidel, David Gregory was appointed to the chair. In 1692 Halley published his "Theory of the Change in the Variation of the Needle," which he attributed to a globe with magnetic poles revolving within the earth, and changing the variation. In order to test this hypothesis, he was anxious to obtain measures of the variation in different parts of the globe, but no opportunity presented itself of carrying his wishes into effect.
In 1696, soon after Newton was appointed warden of the mint, he obtained for Halley the situation of deputy-comptroller of the mint at Chester, one of the five provincial mints in England. Very soon after his appointment serious disturbances arose among the officers. An interesting history of these quarrels on the authority of letters from Halley to Newton, will be found in the Life of Newton already referred to. One of the clerks brought forward false charges against Halley and Woodall the warder, and the disturbances became so serious that Halley was obliged to appeal to Newton to obtain the protection of Charles Montague, mentioning at the same time his willingness to resign his office if it was considered "a voluntary cession." Halley seems to have been at this time dependent on his official income, for before the dissensions had come to a crisis, namely, in February, 1697, Newton had offered to procure for him an "engineer's place" through a Mr. Samuel Newton. Halley expressed his willingness to accept of this kind offer, provided it was likely to be durable. Two days, however, before this letter was written, Newton offered him a situation, worth ten shillings a week, to teach the mathematical grounds of engineering two hours a day to the engineers and officers of the army; but Halley seems to have declined both these situations, and to have retained his place at Chester. In 1698, when the five country mints were discontinued, Halley was, at his own desire, appointed by King William to the command of the Paramour Pink in order to determine the variation of the needle in different parts of the world, and to endeavour to discover land to the south of the western ocean. He accordingly set sail in November, 1698, but was obliged to return in July, 1699, in consequence of a mutiny amongst his officers. After the trial of his first lieutenant by court-martial he resumed his voyage, and made a large number of observations in various parts of the Atlantic. On his return to England without the loss of a single man, he was made a captain of the navy, with half-pay during life. In 1701 he published his chart of the variation of the needle, and soon afterwards a chart of the channel which he had surveyed. At the request of the emperor of Germany he went twice to the Adriatic to assist in the formation and repair of harbours, and as a reward for his services the emperor, at an interview with him at Vienna, took
