off a diamond ring from his finger and presented it to him, with all autograph letter recommending him to Queen Anne. He returned to England in November, 1703, a few weeks after the death of Dr. Wallis, and was appointed his successor in the Savilian chair of geometry at Oxford. Justly proud of such a fellow-labourer, the university conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws. In prosecution of the views of Sir Henry Savile, Dr. Halley and Dr. Gregory undertook the publication of the works of some of the Greek geometers; and two of the writings of Apollonius—one on the section of ratios, and another on conic sections—appeared in 1706 and 1710. He had been assistant-secretary to the Royal Society since 1685, but upon the death of Sir Hans Sloane in 1713 he became principal secretary to that body. An account of the great quarrel between him and Flamsteed, in which Flamsteed was the aggressor, will be found in Sir David Brewster's Memoirs of the Life, &c., &c., of Sir Isaac Newton. (See also Flamsteed and Newton.) On the death of Flamsteed in 1719, Halley was appointed his successor, and though now in the sixty-fifth year of his age, he continued for twenty years, without an assistant, to do all the duties of the observatory. His planetary tables, a great part of which was printed, 1717-19, were not published till 1749—after his death. In 1729 he was elected a foreign member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris. In 1731 he published his proposal for finding the longitude at sea within a degree. In 1737, at the age of eighty-one, he was struck with palsy in his right hand, but was still able to attend the meetings of the Royal Society. His strength, however, gradually declined; and one day, when he was in the act of drinking a glass of wine, he expired in his chair without a groan on the 14th January, 1742, in the eighty-sixth year of his age. His remains were interred in the churchyard of Lee. He had several children, both sons and daughters, some of whom died in infancy. In the history of astronomical discovery, the name of Halley will stand not far from that of Newton, with which it is so closely associated. His discovery of the long inequality of Jupiter and Saturn; of the acceleration of the mean motion of the moon; his prediction of the return of the comet which bears his name; his researches in terrestrial magnetism; his suggestions regarding the determination of the sun's parallax; his meteorological, mathematical, optical, and statistical researches, evince a universality of talent of rare occurrence. In the Eloge by Mairau, read in 1742 to the French Academy of Sciences, he is described as a naturalist, a scholar, a philosopher, an illustrious traveller, an able engineer, and almost a statesman.—D. B.
HALLIER, François, was born at Chartres in 1595. At sixteen he professed philosophy at Paris, and at thirty was made a doctor of the university. He was appointed tutor of Ferdinand de Neuville, and in that capacity visited Germany, England, Italy, and Greece. In 1636 he published a book on the election and ordination of the clergy. He defended the censure of the Paris theologians against the English divines. His efforts were rewarded with pensions and promotions; he became syndic of the theological faculty at Paris, and in succession bishop of Toul and Cavaillon. The charge of Jansenism was preferred against him, probably because he was not obsequious enough to the jesuits. He died in 1659, leaving several works on ecclesiastical and other subjects, and a reputation for great erudition.—His brother Pierre was a doctor of the Sorbonne, and died in 1617.—There was also a French divine named Jacques Hallier, who died in 1683.—B. H. C.
HALLIFAX, Samuel, D.D., was born at Mansfield in 1733, and studied at Jesus college, Cambridge, whence he removed to Trinity hall, and took his degrees in civil law in 1761. He was appointed professor of Arabic at Cambridge in 1768, but resigned in 1770, and became regius professor of civil law. In 1774 he became chaplain to George III., and the same year published his "Analysis of the Roman Civil Law, compared with the Law of England." In 1775 he was made master of the faculties in doctors' commons. In 1776 he published "Twelve Sermons on the Prophecies," and in 1781 was elected bishop of Gloucester, whence he removed to St. Asaph in 1789. He is best known at the present time by his "Analysis of Bishop Butler's Analogy," which is still useful. He died March 4th, 1790.—B. H. C.
* HALLIWELL, James Orchard, an eminent English archæologist and literary antiquary, was born at Chelsea in 1821. He began his studies under Charles Butler the mathematician, and in 1837 passed a year at Cambridge. In 1839 he commenced his literary labours by publishing an edition of the works of Sir John Mandeville, since which time his prolific pen has been in constant activity. In the capacity either of author or editor his name appears on the title-pages of more than a hundred works. Mr. Halliwell's principal claim to distinction is to be found in his earnest study of Shakspeare and his age. With the fond love of a collector of Shakspeariana he has rendered a service to English literature, by reprinting numerous tracts, plays, poems, ballads, &c., illustrative of the Elizabethan age, and this without violating that ineffable charm in a collector's eyes, the quality of rarity , for he has made a practice of printing only a small number of copies, which number has again been reduced by the destruction of copies that may have remained on hand. To him the Percy Society, the Camden Society, and other kindred associations owe much. Philologists and students of our old writers are greatly indebted to him for his "Dictionary of Archaic and Provincial Words, Obsolete Phrases, Proverbs, and Ancient Customs, from the Fourteenth Century," the last edition of which appeared in 1855 in two thick octavo volumes. But the greatest achievement of Mr Halliwell's literary life has been his splendid edition of Shakspeare's works. In nine magnificent folios he has gathered together the fruits of his many years' study of Shakspearian literature. Founding the text upon a new collation of the early editions of the great dramatist, he has illustrated it by copious archæological annotations, and by the addition of all the novels and tales on which the plays are founded. To these he has annexed an essay on the formation of the text, and a life of the poet. Numerous plates, facsimiles, and woodcuts, accurately taken from original sources, help to make the work an edition de luxe. Only one hundred and fifty copies are printed, a number is assigned to every copy, and the plates have been destroyed, in order that the limit may be strictly preserved. For a list of Mr. Halliwell's other publications, see Alibone's Dictionary.—R. H.
HALLMAN, Carl Israel, a Swedish writer of comedies, was born in 1732. He was the beloved friend of the favourite Swedish poet Bellman, and possessed something of his genius. He was a Flemish painter in literature. His comedies and farces, though rather coarse, are vivid sketches of the folks-life of Sweden. His vaudeville, "Opportunity makes the Thief," still retains its place on the Stockholm stage, and still receives, as at its first appearance, the heartiest applause. Hallman died in 1800 at Stockholm, his native city. The latest edition of his collected works was in 1853 in 2 vols.—M. H.
HALLORAN, Sylvester O'. See O'Halloran.
* HALM, Friedrich. See Münch Bellinghausen.
HALMA, Nicolas, was born at Sedan, December 31, 1755, and studied at Sedan and Paris. He made himself master of numerous languages, and also paid attention to medicine, mathematics, geography, theology, &c. He was principal of the Sedan college in 1791, and afterwards filled various offices at Paris. His translations of ancient Greek astronomers are not much valued. His own works are numerous, and chiefly on scientific subjects. Halma took orders in the Romish church.—B. H. C.
HALS, Frans, one of the most distinguished of the Flemish portrait painters, was born at Mechlin in 1584, but he lived chiefly at Haarlem. He was the pupil of Van Mander the Flemish Vasari. The portraits of Hals are executed in a bold grand style; but they are certainly deficient in variety of half tints, his colouring being generally too uniform and heavy. This is the painter of whom Houbraken tells the anecdote about the visit of Vandyck to him on his road to England. Vandyck had heard of the great skill of Hals, and he called upon him as a stranger, requesting him to paint his portrait at once, as he had only a few hours to remain in the town. When the sitting was over, his visitor said it seemed very easy to paint, and he requested Hals to let him try his hand; Hals complied, and when asked to look at his strange sitter's performance, struck with astonishment, exclaimed—"You must be Vandyck, no other man could have done this." Vandyck asked Hals to accompany him to England, but the latter declined. His habits were not suited to courts; he was much given to drinking, and Houbraken says his pupils often put him to bed intoxicated. He lived to a great age notwithstanding, being in his eighty-second year when he died in 1666.—His younger brother, Dirk Hals, a painter of animals and ordinary Dutch subjects, died before him in 1656. Adrian Van Ostade, Adrian Brower, and Dirk van Balen were pupils of Frans Hals.—R. N. W.
