HALTAUS, Christian Gottlieb, a German antiquary, born at Leipsic in 1702; died there head-master of the Nicolai-schule in 1758. He published "Calendarium medii ævi," and "Glossarium Germanicum medii ævi."—K. E.
HALYBURTON, Thomas, a distinguished Scottish divine, was born at Duplin, near Perth, on the 25th December, 1674. His father, who was descended from the family of Pitcur in Angus, had been minister of the parish, but was ejected in 1662, and died in 1682. To escape persecution, his mother emigrated in 1685 to Rotterdam, where there was a Scotch congregation, served by exiled ministers. He was soon able to speak Dutch, and, in 1687, he was sent to Erasmus' school in that city, where the method of teaching Latin was so skilful and interesting, that he began to "delight in learning," as he tells us in his "Memoirs." But in the autumn of that year, owing to the indulgence published by James II., his mother returned with him to Scotland, when he resumed his studies in the schools of Perth and Edinburgh. In 1692 he entered the university of Edinburgh, but removed in the following year to St. Andrews, where he finished his education for the ministry. He was for some time a tutor and domestic chaplain at the Wemyss; in 1699 was licensed by the presbytery of Kirkcaldy; and in 1700 was ordained minister of Ceres. In 1701 he married. In 1710 he was recommended by the synod of Fife to the chair of divinity in St. Leonard's college, St. Andrews, to which he was appointed by Queen Anne. During his brief occupancy of the chair, he continued to devote his earnest studies to the evidences of divine revelation, the fruit of which appeared in his celebrated work, "Natural Religion insufficient and Revealed necessary to happiness," which was published in 1714. But this was a posthumous work. To the great loss and grief of the church, he was cut off in 1712. Other posthumous fruits of his pen were, "The Great Concern of Salvation," published in 1721, and "Ten Sermons," 1722. His "Memoirs," written by himself, contain a remarkable and valuable record of his religious life. It is as an answer to the celebrated treatise of the father of the English deists—De Veritate—that Halyburton's principal work is highly commended by Leland and by Orme.—P. L.
HAMADANI, Badi Az-Zaman al, was the surname of Abulfadl Ahmed ben Hosein, born at Hamadan in a.d. 358. He wrote epistles and makâmas, or academical addresses, which have been imitated by Hariri and others. Hamadani was considered an accomplished master of Arabic. He died at Herat in a.h. 398, some say by poison, and others, that having been buried alive during a trance, he died from the fright.—B. H. C.
HAMAKER, Hendrick Arens, was born at Amsterdam, February 25, 1789. Though destined for business, he gave himself to learning, and in 1815 was appointed professor of oriental languages at Franeker. Two years later he accepted a similar post at Leyden. His acquaintance with Arabic, Syriac, Chaldee, &c., was considerable; and some of his pupils attained to eminence. His catalogue of oriental MSS. at Leyden, and others of his works, are still valuable. He wrote partly in Dutch and partly in Latin. He died at Leyden, October 10, 1835.—B. H. C.
HAMANN, Johann Georg, called the "Magus of the North," a German author, was born at Königsberg, August 27, 1730, and devoted himself to the study of theology, philosophy, and literature. After having successively acted as private tutor to several families in Courland, he determined on a commercial career at Riga, and by a Riga house was sent on business to Holland and England, whence, however, he returned disappointed in his expectations and endeavours. In 1763 he obtained a subordinate situation in his native town; but, broken in his health, unsteady and unfit for regular employment, was obliged to resign, and retired to Münster, where he enjoyed the friendship of the Princess Galitzin and the philosopher Jacobi. Here he died 21st June, 1788. His writings, although they have a mystical tinge, which detracts from their clearness and efficiency, are full of faith and ardent piety, and were highly instrumental in reviving the belief in revelation in a barren and worldly age.—(Complete Works, ed. by F. Roth, 8 vols.)—K. E.
HAMBERGER, Georg Christoph, a German writer, was born at Feuchtwangen, near Anspach, in 1726. He studied at Göttingen, where he became librarian, and professor of history. He originated the celebrated biographical publication known as "Das gelehrte Deutschland." He died in 1773.—F. M.
HAMBERGER, Georg Erhard, a German physician, was born at Jena in 1697, and educated at the university of his native town. Rising to eminence in the career he had chosen, he had a lengthy controversy with the celebrated Haller. His writings, which are entirely on medical and surgical topics, are said to be characterized by masterly logic and great clearness of style. He died at Jena in 1755.—W. J. P.
* HAMEL, Felix John, department commissioner of income-tax, solicitor for H.M. Customs and the board of trade for merchant shipping business, was born at Tamworth, 11th January, 1808. He is the son of Jean Baptiste Augustin Bruno Hamel, an emigrant of the French revolution, and a descendant of the old Norman family of the Hamels du Hamel et de Braquemont, which has given to France many names eminent in literature and science. At an early age Mr. Hamel, having made choice of the legal profession, entered the office of the late Thomas Wellington of Tamworth, a well-known lawyer in the Midland counties, and afterwards succeeded to his practice. In 1845 the late Sir Robert Peel, then first lord of the treasury, selected Mr. Hamel for the office of assistant-solicitor for the customs, and in three years afterwards he was appointed chief-solicitor. In this capacity he availed himself of many opportunities for conferring advantages on the mercantile community, as well as the officers of the crown. It appears from parliamentary papers, that during the first five years of his solicitorship he, by economy and system, saved no less than £50,000 to the crown in his own department of the customs alone. In 1853 he achieved the Herculean task of consolidating the numerous acts of parliament relating to the customs into one concise act, drawn in clear and simple language, and abolishing the many obnoxious restrictions and incumbrances which formerly rendered the customs' laws unpopular and oppressive. He published this act, with a valuable commentary, preceded by a copious history of the customs from the earliest date. One advantage which the mercantile community derive from this act is, the privilege of substituting general or covering bonds in lieu of the multifarious separate bonds formerly required, the effect of which has been to relieve merchants from much difficulty and annoyance. The esteem in which he is generally held as a public servant has been evinced on two occasions by valuable presentations of plate. He was elected first captain of the customs' rifle volunteers. He is a zealous promoter of educational institutions, and a lover of the arts, being himself a proficient in painting. Mr. Hamel has appeared as an author, and his novel, "Harry Roughton," developes with salutary effect the romance of the smuggler's life and the consequences of crime.—T. J.
HAMEL, Jean Baptiste du. See Duhamel.
HAMEL Du Monceau. See Duhamel.
* HAMELIN, Ferdinand Alphonse, French minister of marine, was born at Pont L'Evesque, department of Calvados, on the 5th of September, 1796. Under the auspices of his uncle who died a rear-admiral, he entered the navy in 1806. He was engaged in the series of sea-fights which ended in the capture of the Mauritius in 1810 by the English. Taking a part in the later naval struggles of the first empire, and ascending in rank, he was a "capitaine de vaisseau" in 1836, having previously, and at his own request, been intrusted with the command of a corvette in the expedition of 1830 against Algiers. Appointed a rear-admiral in 1842, he was sent in 1844 to command the French naval force in the South Pacific, and completed the negotiations which led to the acquisition of the Marquesas islands by France. On his return home he filled successively various important posts, was appointed a vice-admiral in 1848, in the following year a member of the council of admiralty, and soon afterwards maritime prefect of Toulon, in which capacity he directed the arrangements for the despatch both of the army of occupation to Rome and of the forces to the East in the Russian war. Receiving the command of the French Mediterranean squadron, and having joined the English fleet, he assisted in the bombardment of the military port of Odessa, and presided over the disembarkation of the French army in the Crimea. In the naval attack on the forts of Sebastopol, Admiral Hamelin greatly distinguished himself by his fearless exposure of his person. On the 2nd of December following, he was made a full admiral, a post which gave him a seat in the senate. In the April of 1855 he was appointed minister of marine, and in that of 1856 he received the grand cordon of the legion of honour.—F. E.
HAMELMANN, Hermann, was born in 1525 at Osnabrück, and died at Oldenburg in 1595. He was compelled to leave
