in favour of Pulteney, and when Walpole tossed across the house the guinea which he had lost, Pulteney wittily remarked that it was long since he had touched the public money.—F. E.
HARDION, Jacques, a learned Frenchman, born at Tours on the 17th October, 1686. After a preliminary education in his native city, he went to Paris to complete his studies. He soon acquired a high reputation as a classical scholar, was admitted into the Academie des Inscriptions in 1711, of which he became associate in 1715, and full member in 1730. Meantime his high attainments brought him under the notice of the Count de Morville, who procured him a public secretaryship which, however, he relinquished in 1727, thenceforth devoting himself entirely to the pursuit of letters. An appointment in the public library of Louis XV. introduced him to the notice of that monarch, who committed to him the instruction of several members of the royal family, for whose use he composed his "Histoire Politique," and two tracts; as also his "Histoire Universelle," a work which, though now superseded, had at the time a deservedly high reputation. His death in October, 1776, prevented his bringing this work to a close, a task which devolved upon his contemporary, Simon Linguet. Hardion contributed valuable papers to the Academy of Inscriptions, especially on Greek literature, in which he was profoundly versed. His writings were numerous.—J. F. W.
HARDOUIN, Jean, the son of a bookseller, was born at Quimper in Brittany in 1646. Having joined the Society of Jesus, he was sent to complete his theological studies in Paris, and in 1683 succeeded Garnier in the office of librarian to the college of Louis le Grand—an appointment which he held along with a theological chair. The scholars of France were then engaged in the preparation of the Delphin classics, and to Hardouin, who had already established a high character for learning, was assigned the Natural History of Pliny, which appeared in 1685, 5 vols. 4to, and was received with the highest applause in all quarters—a success which unfortunately exaggerated to an offensive degree Hardouin's natural vanity and ambition, and served to develop in him a proud contempt for the opinions of other scholars who differed from him, and a love of singularity and paradox. Having acquired a profound knowledge of numismatics, he published a work, "La Chronologie Expliquée par les Médailles," in which he was bold enough to maintain that the only genuine writings of antiquity which have descended to modern times are the works of Homer and Herodotus, Cicero and the elder Pliny, the Georgics of Virgil, and the Satires and Epistles of Horace, and that the whole of ancient history, and all the other supposed remains of Greek and Roman literature were fabricated by the monks of the thirteenth century, under the direction of a certain Severus Archontius. This monstrous assertion compromised, of course, the genuineness and antiquity of the holy scriptures, and drew upon him the censure of his ecclesiastical superiors, who compelled him, in 1708, to publish a recantation. But though he submitted to their mandate, he retained his paradoxical opinion, and he reproduced it in several of his subsequent works. His writings were very numerous, amounting in all to one hundred and two pieces, of which ninety-two were printed, and the rest remain in manuscript. In his "Commentarius in Novum Testamentum," he maintained that Jesus Christ and his apostles preached in Latin. Endowed with astonishing powers of memory, industry, and sagacity, it has been said of him, that he would have obtained the glory which he aspired after if he had been less eager to obtain it; he mistook eccentricity for originality, and in his dislike to say over again what had been said by others, he took a pleasure in asserting what nobody in the world could believe but himself, and what even he himself could scarcely be supposed to believe. He died in Paris, 3rd September, 1729, aged eighty-three years.—P. L.
HARDT, Hermann van der, of a family originally Dutch, was born at Melle in Westphalia, November 15, 1660, and studied at Jena, Leipsic, &c. The duke of Brunswick chose him for his librarian; and in 1690 he was elected professor of oriental languages at Helmstadt. In 1704 Van der Hardt was made rector of the gymnasium of Marienburg, where he died in 1746. He had a good knowledge of oriental languages and literature, and wrote and spoke Latin with fluency. His works are numerous, and on a variety of subjects. Among them may be mentioned his "Autographa Lutheri Aliorumque;" his "Ephemerides Philologicæ;" his "Elements of Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac," with various other philological publications on these and other languages; his "Council of Constance;" and his "Historia literaria Reformationis."—B. H. C.
* HARDWICK, Philip, R.A., F.R.S., was born in London in June, 1792; entered early the office of his father, an architect in good practice; and after a professional tour in Italy and France of some continuance (1818-19), entered upon business on his own account. From an early age Hardwick was retained as the architect of several public companies and corporate bodies, and for them most of his larger works were executed. For more than twenty years he was architect to Bridewell and Bethlehem hospitals, and for a still longer period to that of St. Bartholomew, As architect to the St. Katherine's Dock Company he erected the warehouses and offices built at the construction of that dock. As architect of the Goldsmith's Company he erected their hall (1831-35), perhaps the most magnificent of those civic edifices. For the benchers of Lincoln's inn he designed their noble Tudor hall and library in Lincoln's inn, which was opened in state by her majesty in October, 1845. For the North-Western Railway Company he erected the station and the great doric propylæon entrance at Euston Square, and various other buildings. He was also architect to Greenwich hospital. Mr. Hardwick was elected F.R.S. in 1828; A.R.A., 1839; and R.A. in 1841, and is now treasurer and trustee of the Royal Academy. He is also a fellow, and has been vice-president of the Institute of British Architects. Hardwick retired from the practice of his profession some few years back. In much of his connection he has been succeeded by his son—
* Philip Charles Hardwick, who first studied under E. Blore, but subsequently entered his father's office, and was associated with him in several of his later works. Among the works that are wholly his own, are the Australian bank, Threadneedle Street, and the bank of Jones, Loyd, and Co., Lothbury; the Great Western hotel, Paddington; the new hall and other works at the Euston terminus of the North-Western railway; the churches of All Saints, Haggerstone, and St. Thomas', Orchard Street, Marylebone.—J. T—e.
HARDWICKE, Philip Yorke, first earl of, chancellor of Great Britain, was born at Dover in 1690, and died in 1764. He owed little to birth or polite education. He devoted himself to the study of the law of England, in the profession of which he rose from the desk of his father, an attorney at Dover, and of Salkeld, his father's agent in London, through the stages of student in the Middle Temple, 1708, and barrister in 1715, to be solicitor-general in 1720, when he was but thirty years of age—a success great and rapid beyond example, and collaterally due to the clientele of Salkeld, and the favour and patronage of Lord-chancellor Macclesfield, to whose sons he had been law tutor. In this office he conducted the government prosecution of Layer, and the bill of attainder against Plunket and Kelly. In 1724 he became attorney-general, a post which he held for nine years, during the administrations of Walpole and the Pelhams, to whom he was politically attached; and he represented government boroughs from 1719 to 1733. While he was attorney-general, his great patron Lord Macclesfield was impeached by the house of commons for official corruption. Sir P. Yorke was here in a dilemma. Gratitude impelled him to defend his friend, and duty enjoined him to prosecute the public delinquent. From the latter ungracious task he was with some difficulty excused by the house. He had now by long service earned the higher honours of the robe. In 1733, on the death of Lord Raymond, he was made chief-justice of England, and created Baron Hardwicke. He held this office upwards of three years. His decisions, judged by the reports extant, are careful and discriminating, but not remarkable for breadth of principle. On the unexpected death of Lord Talbot in 1737 he was made lord-chancellor, a change from a certain to a precarious office, but, as it proved, most fortunate one. In the chief-justiceship his labours and reputation, had they been much greater than they were, would have been obscured by the transcendent merits of Lord Mansfield, a subsequent chief. The chancellorship he had the happiness of holding for near twenty years, without having a single law lord in the house of lords to criticise or reverse his decisions in the chancery. In this period, by attention to principle, an adaptation of civil law doctrines, a clever reconcilement of cases, and a felicity of exposition, he succeeded in moulding the congeries of cases and opinions which then constituted English equity law into a sort of consistency, a result
