Indian empire during the mutiny of 1857, was born at Bishop Wearmouth, a suburb of Sunderland, on the 5th of April, 1795. His father, a Sunderland shipbuilder, amassed a considerable fortune, and removed to an estate which he purchased in Kent. His mother was an excellent and pious woman; and to her training was due the devoutness which marked Havelock almost throughout life. He received the elements of his education under the curate of Swanscombe; and before the age of ten he was sent to the Charter-house, where he became an excellent classical scholar. At the close of 1811 he left the Charter-house; and his father's circumstances becoming embarrassed, Havelock, in his eighteenth year, was entered of the Middle temple with a view to the bar; but some misunderstanding arose, and his father withdrew his support after a twelvemonth, forcing Havelock to relinquish the study of the law. His early love for a military life revived in the company of a younger brother, fresh from the field of Waterloo, where he had been aid-de-camp to, and secured the favour of. Baron Alten. Through his brother's influence with the baron, Havelock procured a commission at the age of twenty, and was soon attached as a lieutenant to the company commanded by Captain, afterwards Sir Harry, Smith, the hero of Aliwal. To a knowledge of military practice Havelock added, by his own diligence, an exact and varied knowledge of military theory. He obtained, in 1822, a lieutenancy in the 13th light infantry, ordered to Calcutta, and commanded by Major, afterwards Sir Robert, Sale, the hero of Jellalabad. During the voyage out his religious impressions were revived, and from the time of his arrival at Calcutta he identified himself with the cause of christianity in India. Then began the religious exercises in which all under his command, and so disposed, were joined with him. He had been a twelvemonth at Fort William when he was appointed deputy adjutant-general of the expedition in the first Burmese war of 1824. It was during this campaign that occurred the well-known incident which gave his soldiers the name of "Havelock's saints." At the close of the war, in which he distinguished himself highly, he became its historian. His first work, the "Campaigns in Ava," was published at Serampore in 1828; and its fearless strictures on the tactics of the English generals were not favourable to his professional prospects. In 1829 he married a daughter of Dr. Marshman, the eminent missionary of Serampore, and not long afterwards formally joined the Baptist community. After seventeen years in the army he was still only a junior lieutenant. At last he was made adjutant of his regiment; and during three years and a half he devoted himself with rare success to the military discipline, the religious, intellectual, and social improvement of the men of the 13th, and at forty-three the "neglected lieutenant" became a captain without purchase. This was in 1838, and on the eve of the Affghan war. The Bengal division of the army sent to Cabul was commanded by Sir Willoughby Cotton, who had recognized Havelock's merits years before in Burmah, and Havelock was appointed second aid-de-camp to this old friend. He was at the storming of Ghuznee; but after the occupation of Cabul he returned to Calcutta, to prepare a clear, vivid, and impartial "Personal Narrative of the Marches of the Bengal Troops of the Army of the Indus." It was published in London, but fell still-born from the press, and closed Havelock's career as an author. Returning to Cabul in 1841, he was appointed Persian interpreter by General Elphinstone. At the outbreak of the Affghan war Havelock obtained permission to attach himself to General Sale's brigade, and his advice and assistance were of the highest service on various important occasions. In 1843 he obtained a regimental majority, again without purchase, and was made Persian interpreter to Sir Hugh Gough, in which capacity he accompanied his chief through the Gwalior campaign, and the first Sikh war. He was rewarded by the post of deputy adjutant-general of the queen's troops at Bombay, and was not permitted, in spite of all his efforts, to take part in the second Sikh war. At the close of 1849 he came to England on sick leave, and remained in Europe, recruiting, until the close of 1851. Returning to India, he was appointed successively quarter-master general and adjutant-general of her majesty's forces in India; and 1854 saw him a full colonel. At the beginning of 1857 he accepted with eagerness the command of the second division in the Persian expedition, and planned the arrangements which terminated in the victory of Mohumra. The time was now come when Havelock's military genius was to find a field worthy of it. Leaving Mohumra on the 15th of May, he reached Bombay on the 27th, and then he heard the astounding news of the outbreak and spread of the Indian mutiny. At once he set out by sea for Calcutta. Three days after his arrival there he was selected for the command of a movable column, a suggestion of his own, to operate in the districts above Allahabad, where the British authority was all but extinct. With but a thousand bayonets Havelock started from Allahabad on the 7th of July, a month when in India scorching heat alternates with drenching rain. On the 11th they were within four miles of Futtehpore, and joined Major Renaud's little force of four hundred men, despatched by Neill some time before to endeavour to relieve the garrison at Cawnpore. On the morning of the 12th they were attacked by the enemy, some three thousand five hundred strong, and in ten minutes Havelock had won the battle of Futtehpore, the first victory which had crowned the British arms since the outbreak of the mutiny. On the 15th the insurgents were again driven from an entrenched position at the village of Arny. Tired as were the troops, Havelock called upon them to advance, as the river was flooded, and the bridge their only chance of reaching Cawnpore. Onward went the troops, and in the midst of the engagement the bridge was blown up, but awkwardly. Havelock's force was soon across it, and the insurgents in full retreat upon Cawnpore. On the 16th, by a bold and masterly movement, Havelock turned the strong position taken up by Nana Sahib in front of Cawnpore, and the battle of Cawnpore was won by a thousand British soldiers, without cavalry, against five thousand Sepoys strongly entrenched, and supported by superior artillery and numerous cavalry. Cawnpore was occupied too late to save its slaughtered garrison. The attempt was now made to march to the relief of Lucknow, and several victories were achieved; but Havelock's handful of soldiers were not equal to the emergency, and he fell back upon Cawnpore. Sir Colin Campbell, now Lord Clyde, had arrived in Calcutta to take the command of the Indian army. He appointed Sir James Outram, commander of the division which Havelock had led to so many victories. But when Sir James with reinforcements reached Havelock, he gracefully waived the chief command, until Lucknow should be relieved; and he accompanied the division as a volunteer and as chief civil commissioner of Oude. With a force of two thousand five hundred men, the second campaign for the relief of Lucknow was commenced, and the Ganges crossed again on the 19th of September. After a successful battle at Mungulwar, Havelock pushed forward. On the 22nd the battle at the Alumbagh was fought, and an army of twelve thousand men, strongly posted, was routed. On the 25th Lucknow was entered, and the residency relieved. Next day Havelock was superseded by Sir James Outram in the chief command. He had received the news that he had been made a K.C.B., when he was attacked severely by diarrhea, and his frame was weakened by privation and fatigue. He seems to have sunk quickly, and on the morning of the 24th of November he was no more. At home his later career had been followed with almost unexampled interest, and the tidings of his death was received as befitted a national calamity. On the 27th of September he had been raised to the rank of major-general; and, two days after his death, unknown of course in England, he was created a baronet.—(Memoirs of Major-general Sir Henry Havelock, K.C.B., by his brother-in-law, Mr. J. C. Marshman, 1860.)—F. E.
HAVERCAMP, Sigebert, a distinguished Dutch humanist and numismatist, was born at Utrecht in 1683, and died in his native town in 1742. After having held a small cure for some years, he was called to the chair of Greek literature at Leyden, in addition to which he obtained some years later that of history and eloquence. He was a fertile writer, and published a great number of editions—Lucretius, Josephus, Eutropius, Sallustius, &c.—in which he accumulated great treasures of grammatical and antiquarian knowledge, but often showed a want of critical acumen. Of still greater importance were his two great works on numismatics, "Thesaurus Morellianus," 2 vols., which was continued by Wesseling, Amst. 1752, 3 vols.; and "Nomophylacium Reginæ Christinæ." He also published a "Sylloge scriptorum de recta et vera pronunciatione linguæ Græcæ."—K. E.
HAVERS, Clopton, M.D., F.R.S. We have no particulars of the life of this English anatomist, who flourished in the latter half of the seventeenth century. In 1691 he published a work on osteology, which contains some original observations upon the synovial fluid.—W. B—d.
