men. As a compensation for his sufferings and losses the queen appointed Captain Hawkins treasurer of the navy in 1573. He twice represented Plymouth, and once another borough in parliament. He was rear-admiral on board the Victory, of the fleet which in 1588 defeated the Spanish armada, and he received the honour of knighthood for his gallantry and success in pursuing the flying Spaniards. In 1595 an armament was fitted out to attack the Spanish settlements in the West Indies. (See Drake, Sir Francis.) But, in consequence partly of mismanagement, partly of disagreements among the commanders, the expedition proved a complete failure, and Hawkins died at Dominica, 21st November, of a fever occasioned by grief and chagrin. He was the founder of an hospital at Chatham for sick and disabled sailors.—J. T.
HAWKINS, Sir John, the biographer of Johnson and historian of music, was born on the 30th of March, 1719, a descendant of Sir John Hawkins, the famous seaman. His father, originally a house-carpenter, had risen to be a surveyor and builder. Receiving a fair education, he was articled to an attorney, and, although hard-worked, contrived to create a leisure in which he read a great deal both of literature and law. A successful marriage in 1753 soon released him from the necessity of practising his profession, and in 1759 he devoted himself to music, literature, and amateur law. He published in 1760 a new edition of Walton's Angler, with notes, adding to it a life of the author. In 1763 he received the honour of entering, as one of the original members, the famous literary club founded by Johnson and Reynolds. In 1764, for services rendered as a county magistrate, he was appointed chairman of the Middlesex quarter sessions, and in 1772 he was knighted. In 1776 he published his "History of Music," dedicated by permission to the king, which, though full of accurate and often curious information, was but coldly received by the public. He published in 1787 an edition of Johnson's works, prefixing to it a life of their author, which, in spite of Boswell's frequent sneers, contains some invaluable information respecting Johnson's early career in London. Hawkins himself died in the May of 1789. His "History of Music," with his posthumous notes and a well-written memoir of the author, was republished in 1853 by Mr. J. Alfred Novello.—His daughter Letitia Matilda was a lady of considerable genius, and wrote several novels and lively biographical sketches.—F. E.
HAWKINS, John Sidney, antiquary and illustrator of art-history, was the eldest son of Sir John Hawkins, the biographer of Johnson, and was born in 1757. Among his earliest literary performances were some elaborate essays in illustration of plates from subjects in Westminster Abbey, published in 1782-83 in Carter's Ancient Sculpture and Painting. In 1784 he published (Johnson recommending it to Nichols) an edition, with notes, of George Ruggle's curious Latin comedy Ignoramus. He edited in 1802, prefixing a life of the author, Leonardo da Vinci's treatise on painting, translated by Rigand. In 1800, on the discovery of ancient paintings on the walls of the house of commons, Hawkins undertook to write an explanatory account of them, to accompany drawings made by J. T. Smith. The enterprise grew into the large quarto known as Smith's Antiquities of Westminster, and was completed by Smith without the co-operation of Hawkins. This industrious but quarrelsome antiquary died at Brompton in August, 1842.—F. E.
HAWKINS, Sir Richard, was the son of Sir John Hawkins, the well-known naval commander, and was born about 1555. In 1582 he had the charge of an expedition to the West Indies; and such was his reputation, that in 1588 he was chosen to command the Swallow, 360 tons, in the struggle against Spain. Hawkins greatly distinguished himself at the defeat of the Armada. His next employment was a voyage to the South Seas. While coasting the western side of South America, he had the misfortune to be encountered by a Spanish squadron of superior force, to which, after making a brave resistance, and receiving some severe wounds, he was obliged to yield; and he did not succeed in regaining his freedom for some years. In 1620 the name of Hawkins again occurs as vice-admiral in Mansel's Algerine expedition. He died at the close of 1621, or in the beginning of 1622; and in the latter year was published his "Observations on his Voyage into the South Sea."—W. C. H.
HAWKINS, William, an English navigator, and a relation of the famous Devonshire admirals, was born about 1585, and went to sea at a very early age. In 1607 he was chosen by the East India Company to command an expedition intended to open up trade with the Great Mogul, Captain Keeling accompanying him. In August, 1608, Hawkins arrived at Surat. He met with such provoking opposition, chiefly excited against him by the Portuguese, that he proceeded in person to the court of the Great Mogul at Agra, where he was most favourably received by the Emperor Jehanghire, who not merely granted his requests, but took him into high favour. In 1612, however, he embarked with Sir Henry Middleton at Cambay, and set out upon a very profitable cruise; but as they were returning to Europe he died in the bay of Saldanha, 1613.—W. J. P.
HAWKSBEE. See Hauksbee.
HAWKSMOOR, Nicholas, architect, was born in 1666. In his eighteenth year he became the pupil of Wren, and acted as his assistant. On the death of Wren, Hawksmoor succeeded to many of his official employments. As first surveyor of the metropolitan churches erected by act of parliament in the reign of Anne, he erected the churches of St. Mary Woolnoth, Lombard Street; Christchurch, Spitalfields; St. George's-in-the-East; St. Anne's, Limehouse; and St. George's, Bloomsbury. His chief work out of London was the new quadrangle of All-Souls' college, Oxford, in what was called the "mixed Gothic" style.—He died, March 25, 1736.—J. T—e.
HAWKWOOD, Sir John, a famous condottiere, or soldier of fortune, in the fourteenth century. Hawkwood is said to have been a tailor's apprentice. But Edward III.'s wars in France soon found him congenial employment. He so rapidly and strenuously distinguished himself as to be created both knight and captain. When hostilities ceased, Hawkwood thought that he would do a little business on his own account. As the leader of numerous marauders he became the scourge of France, and it is supposed that Edward III looked with no dissatisfied eye on his doings. Italy was at that time the true field for the hireling commander, without conscience and without country. Into Italy accordingly in the spring of 1361 Hawkwood passed, and there, for more than thirty years, as general of the English or White Company he sold his military skill to the highest bidder. He was not, however, more sordid, more cruel, or more unscrupulous than the other condottieri; perhaps, indeed, he was less so. What made the conduct of a condottiere so odious was, that his vengeance was generally passionless. Hawkwood massacred four thousand persons at Faenza to please himself; but he massacred five thousand at Cesena to please his employer for the time being. Commander of the Florentine troops at the brilliant epoch of the Florentine republic when under the rule of Thomas Albizzi, he died in 1393. Not many years before he had led, by a miracle of audacity and talent, the Florentine troops from a most difficult position. Besides that two rivers shut the march, the dykes of the Adige were broken by the enemy, so that the Florentine camp was surrounded by a lake. Hawkwood's retreat from this artificial island has been warmly praised by military critics. The piety and charity of Hawkwood founded at Rome an hospital for the poor and sick English.—W. M—l.
HAWTHORNE, Nathaniel, was born about the year 1805 in Salem, Massachusetts. The house of his birth was nearly two hundred years old, when his father was its occupant—a building blackened with the weather, and wearing the marks of its age. There the future author was a recluse, a hermit even in his youth, extremely diffident, sensitive, shy of society, retired, silent, but observant, meditative. With these qualities the boy was sent to Bowdoin college in Brunswick, Maine. He was there a classmate with the poet Longfellow and John S. C. Abbot. His shrinking sensitiveness and modesty were apparent in his very attitude and countenance, as he stood up in his recitations, half afraid of the echo of his own voice in construing a Greek or Latin sentence, or replying to a critical question. He graduated in the year 1825; but, instead of devoting himself to a profession, stole back to the retirement of his home in Salem, and pursued the bent of his own fancies, almost completely isolated from society, stealing out sometimes in the evening, but rarely to be seen or conversed with. About the year 1830 he began to contribute some articles to an annual published in Boston—a series of papers afterwards printed under the title of Twice Told Tales. This volume, collecting these articles, was published in 1837, and was hailed with great delight and enthusiastic praise by the poet Longfellow, who reviewed it in the pages of the North American. A second series of these
