writings were interdicted by a decree of the federal assembly in 1835. But the heyday of youth passed away; Heine accepted a pension from the French government (1836-48), grew tired of libertinism, and at last married one of his many mistresses. In 1844 he published another collection of poems (Neue Gedichte) which, under the title "Deutschland, ein Wintermährchen," contained a half satirical half sentimental account of a journey to Hamburg, undertaken in the same year. The "Neue Gedichte" was followed by "Atta Troll" in 1847, and by the "Romanzero" in 1851, the latter of which shows only the "disjecta membra poetæ." The divine spark of poetry is hidden under dust and dirt, and is rarely kindled into a last poor flickering. In 1848 Heine became paralyzed in the spine, and from that time till his death on 17th February, 1856, never left his chamber again, and seldom his couch. It is a remarkable fact that in this pitiable state his poetic powers deserted him by degrees, whilst his wit and satire remained to the last, as brilliant and as wicked as ever. Once upon being asked if he did not stand in fear of God's judgment—"Oh non!" replied he, "il me pardonnera, c'est son metier." His mischievous and impure spirit was especially manifested in his literary feuds; and he has infamously slandered some of the noblest characters in German literature, such as Platen and Börne. After all, we are much afraid that posterity will recognize the poet in him, but despise the man.—(See the Poems of Heine, &c., by E. A. Bowring, 1859.)—K. E.
HEINECCIUS, Johann Gottlieb (his real name was Heinecke), a celebrated German jurist, was born at Eisenberg, Saxe-Altenburg, September 21, 1681. He studied for the church at Leipsic, but went to Halle, where he began the study of law with such unparallelled success that from a student he soon became a professor of it. Though an excellent and popular teacher yet his income was so small, that in 1723 he accepted a chair at Franeker, whence in 1727 he was called in the same capacity to Frankfort-on-the-Oder. From this town he returned in 1733 to Halle, where he died 31st August, 1741. He was well versed not only in theology and philosophy, but also in classical learning and universal history. His works are particularly distinguished by logical strictness, and by their author's command over the Latin language. We note only the following—"Antiquitatum Romanarum Jurisprudentiam Illustrantium Syntagma," 1718; "Elementa Juris Civilis secundum ordinem Institutionum," 1725; "Elementa Juris Civilis secundum ordinem Pandectarum;" "Elementa Juris Naturæ et Gentium;" and "Historia Juris Romani et Germanici."—K. E.
HEINECKEN, Christian Heinrich, a wonderfully precocious child, was born at Lubeck, 6th February, 1721. His father, Paul Heinecken, was a painter; his elder brother, Karl Heinrich, also an artist, acquired some distinction by his writings on the fine arts. When but ten months old Christian Heinrich could speak, and repeat whatever was said to him; two months afterwards he knew by heart the chief events recorded in the Pentateuch; in his second year he was well versed in Bible history, both of the Old and New Testaments; in his third he acquired considerable knowledge of history and geography, and learned to speak Latin and French; and in his fourth he studied religion and the history of the church—displaying, it is asserted, not merely a parrot-like faculty of repetition, but also remarkable acuteness and comprehension. The king of Denmark expressed a desire to see him, and he was taken to Copenhagen. On his return to Lubeck he learnt to write; but his unnaturally-developed brain soon wore out his weakly body, and on the 22nd June, 1725, the poor child died. A memoir of him was published in the following year by his teacher. Christian von Schöneich, and its statements were fully corroborated.—W. J. P.
HEINICKE, Samuel, a German philanthropist, was born in 1729. He began life as a farmer, but entered military service about 1753, and some time after went to study at Jena. He then took to education, and eventually rose to eminence as a teacher of the deaf and dumb. He wrote a number of works, among which may be mentioned, "A History of the Old Testament for the Deaf and Dumb;" "Letters upon the Dumb and upon Human Language;" "On Modes of Thought among the Dumb, and on improper methods of teaching them;" "Important Discoveries in Psychology and Human Language." He also wrote to prove that the dumb might be taught, not only to write, but to speak. He died at Leipsic in 1795.—B. H. C.
HEINRICH, Karl Friedrich, a German philologist, was born at Molschleben, near Gotha, in 1774. He was successively professor at Breslau, Kiel, and Bonn, at which latter place he died in 1837. Besides some valuable editions he published a work on "Epimenides of Creta," 1801.—K. E.
HEINROTH, Johann Christian Friedrich August, a distinguished German physician and medical writer, was born at Leipsic, where since 1812 till his death on the 26th October, 1843, he honourably filled the chair of "mental therapeutics," which had been expressly founded for him. His numerous works and hand-books, chiefly on psychology and mental diseases, are generally esteemed.—K. E.
HEINSE, Johann Jakob Wilhelm, a distinguished German author, was born at Langewiesen in the principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen on the 16th February, 1746, and studied the law at Jena, but left without taking a degree. In 1774 he proceeded to Düsseldorf where he assisted F. H. Jacobi in editing the Iris. In 1780 he went to Italy, where he remained for three years, during which time he diligently pursued his art-studies, but at the same time seems to have given himself up to a sensual life. After his return he was appointed reader, private secretary, and librarian to the Elector of Mayence. He died at Mayence on the 22nd of July 1803. Heinse's novels—"Laidion," "Ardinghello," and "Hildegard von Hohenthal"—are singular medleys of the highest enthusiasm for art and of the grossest sensuality; in respect of which latter quality of his works, Heinse incurred the reproach of Wieland, his master and model. His interesting correspondence with Gleim and Johannes von Müller was edited after his death by Körte. Complete works, edited by Laube, 10 vols.—K. E.
HEINSIUS, Anthony, one of the most valued friends of William III. of England, was born in the Netherlands in 1641. Heinsius entered public life as a staunch opponent of the house of Orange; but in 1681 a diplomatic visit to the court of Versailles having enabled him to estimate more correctly the character of Louis, he changed his views, and went over to the other side. In 1689, a few weeks after the Revolution, he was made grand pensionary of Holland. No one enjoyed more thoroughly than Heinsius the confidence of William, and the pensionary proved himself the most faithful of servants. When William died Heinsius succeeded to absolute power, which he retained till his death in 1720. One of the last letters which the king wrote was written to Heinsius, and it was dated on the 20th February, 1702, the very day on which he was thrown from his horse. The correspondence between the pensionary and his royal master is still preserved, and, says Macaulay, is most honourable to both. The same historian bears significant testimony to the enormous weight and influence which Heinsius possessed, when he states that "had the politics of Heinsius been still what they once were, all the great designs of William might have been frustrated."—W. C. H.
HEINSIUS, Daniel, an eminent Dutch humanist, was born at Ghent in 1580. The part which his father had taken in the political troubles of his country, compelled him to seek safety at various places; but everywhere he bestowed the greatest care on the education of his son. When ten years of age he was sent to Franeker to study the law, which proved so repugnant to his genius that soon after he proceeded to Leyden, where he ardently devoted himself to classical learning. In his eighteenth year he began lecturing, and in his twenty-fifth obtained the chair of history and politics at Leyden. Afterwards he was nominated librarian to the university, and historiographer to the states general. His fame spread rapidly over all Europe; he not only attracted numbers of pupils, but was offered offices of the highest importance and honour in Germany, France, and Italy. Heinsius, however, remained true to his country, where, besides his other offices, he accepted in 1618 that of political secretary to the synod of Dort. In his old age he almost entirely lost his memory, and died at Leyden, 23rd February, 1665. Heinsius was a man of the highest mental powers, of vast erudition, and of an upright, blameless, and amiable character. His whole life was devoted to study, and notwithstanding his unsurpassed acquirements his device was, "Quantum est quod nescimus!" Heinsius published a great number of excellent critical editions, among which we may mention those of Theocritus, Hesiod, Maximus Tyrius, Seneca, Horace, Terence, Ovid, and Livy. He also wrote "Exercitationes Sacræ in Novum Testamentum." Perhaps a still higher rank may be claimed for him as a Latin poet. His tragedies of "Auriacus" (on the death of William of Orange) and of "Herodes
