sixteenth century, was born in 1513 in the island of Caaland, and studied at Wittemburg under Melancthon, by whom he was highly esteemed, and of whose spirit and teaching he afterwards became a distinguished representative. On returning to Denmark, he was first appointed a preacher in Copenhagen, and then made successively professor of Greek, of Hebrew, and of theology in the university. He rose to be vice-chancellor of the university, and continued to discharge his high functions till 1579, when, having fallen under suspicion of a leaning to Crypto-Calvinism, he was removed from his academic offices at the earnest solicitation of Elector August of Saxony, the brother-in-law of Frederick II. of Denmark. The suspicion, however, was unjust. In 1576 he had drawn up a confession of his faith on the subject of the sacrament, which is pronounced gut Lutherish—good, sound Lutheranism. But he had written against the dogma of the ubiquity of Christ's body, and the Lutheran zealots insisted that he was no true Lutheran. To compensate in some measure for his removal from the university, he was appointed to a canonry in the cathedral of Roeskilde, and here he was suffered to remain in peace till his death in 1600, in the eighty-seventh year of his age. His writings were very numerous, and are still highly valued by some, though generally neglected and forgotten.—P. L.
HEMMINGA, Sixtus de, was born of an old family in Western Friesland. He had the merit of denouncing judicial astrology, at a period when it was generally believed that future events might be foretold by the aspect of the stars. His work on this subject was printed at Antwerp in 1783. Three years after its publication the author died.—G. B—y.
HEMMINGFORD, Walter de. See Hemingford.
HEMSTERHUYS, François, son of Tiberius, was born at Groningen in 1720, and died at the Hague in 1790. He inherited much of his father's talent and was carefully educated. For many years he held the rather subordinate office of a clerk to the council of state, which allowed him to pursue uninterruptedly his philosophical studies and meditations. The fruits of these meditative hours were given to the world in a series of letters and dialogues written in French, viz.—"Lettre sur la sculpture;" "Lettre sur les desirs;" "Lettre sur l'homme et ses rapports;" "Sophyle, ou la philosophie;" "Ariste, ou de la Divinité;" "Alexis, ou de l'âge d'or;" "Simon, ou des facultés de l'âme;" "Lettre de Dioclès à Diotime sur l'athéisme," &c. All these dissertations are pervaded by the true Socratic spirit, and show some affinity to the doctrine of Locke. His works have been several times collectively edited; the best edition is that by Sylvain van de Weyer, Louvain, 1825-27, 2 vols.—K. E.
HEMSTERHUYS, Tiberius, the eminent Dutch humanist, was born at Groningen, February 1, 1685. He was a child of so great promise, and made such rapid progress, that at the age of fourteen he was entered at the university of his native town, where he particularly devoted himself to mathematics, and soon was declared by Jean Bernouilli the most proficient of his pupils. He then proceeded to Leyden, where he distinguished himself so much, that he was commissioned to arrange and catalogue the MSS. of the Leyden library. In 1705 he was appointed professor in the Athenæum at Amsterdam, whence in 1717 he was called to the Greek chair at Franeker, and in 1740 to that at Leyden. Here he died April 7, 1766. When at Amsterdam Hemsterhuys had, at the instance of Grævius, undertaken to continue the edition of Pollux, which had been begun by Lederlin. The editor's satisfaction in the completion of this laborious task was, however, completely marred by those famous letters of Bentley in which that prince of critics showed him his faults, particularly his ignorance of the ancient metres. Hemsterhuys felt crushed; for two months he did not open a Greek volume. He set to work again and, pen in hand, read all Greek authors in chronological order. It was Hemsterhuys who revived the enthusiasm for the Greek language and literature. His disciples, among whom Valckenaer, Ruhnken, and Lennep rose to high eminence, soon spread his method over France and Germany, where, however, it met only with partial applause. Hemsterhuys has left comparatively few works. Besides the edition of Pollux we have only to mention his select dialogues of Lucian, his edition of the Plutus of Aristophanes, and his Latin speeches.—K. E.
HÉNAULT, Charles Jean François, was born at Paris in 1685, and was educated in his native city. At the age of fifteen he entered the Oratoire, but two years later returned to the world, and applied himself to literature. In 1706 he obtained a prize at the French Academy. In 1708 he gained a prize for a second essay; and in 1709 competed for another, but unsuccessfully. He became a counsellor to parliament in 1706; and in 1710 president in the chamber of inquests. In 1713 he produced his first comedy. He went to Holland with the French ambassador in 1718; and in 1723 was elected a member of the French Academy. In 1744 he produced his "New Chronological Abridgment of the History of France," which has been many times printed, and, with its continuations, is still popular. He projected a "Nouvel Theatre Française," while under impressions received from reading Shakspeare; and in 1747 published a five act tragedy, "Francis II., King of France," which was followed at intervals, during a number of years, by several other dramatic pieces, most of which were collected and published in 1770. In 1759 there appeared a "Chronological Abridgment of the History of Spain and Portugal." To this work President Hénault contributed only the plan and some of the details. After his death was published the "Histoire critique de l'établissement des Français dans les Gaules;" but some doubt has been expressed as to whether he was the real author, or only the annotator of the work. In 1801 was published "Memoires du Maréchal de Bassompierre;" but this also seems to be very doubtful, although it is said to have been printed from a manuscript in the handwriting of Hénault. In 1806, what was called "Œuvres inedites" of Hénault was published, and includes a collection of miscellaneous pieces in verse. Besides these, there appeared during his lifetime various letters, memoirs, and essays. Many years before his death he began to write a work, which was not published till 1854, under the title of "Memoires du President Hénault," which contains a large amount of curious and valuable matter. It is much to be regretted that the editor, the Baron De Vigan, has not done his part of the work more efficiently. He died in 1770.—B. H. C.
HÉNAULT, Jean: the dates of Jean Hénault's birth and death are uncertain. He was born in Paris, and 1682 is said to be the date of his death. His name is variously spelled; by Boileau it is written Haynault. The patronage of Fouquet gave him some small clerkship in one of the public offices, which he was unable to keep. His habits were irregular. Little more is known of his life than what is given by himself in an eclogue, in which it is not always easy to disentangle fact from fiction. He rambled through the Low Countries, through England, and through Sicily; and on his return he found Fouquet still in power, and still disposed to serve him. The fall of Fouquet left him without adequate means of support. He translated Lucretius; but in the agony of a deathbed repentance, ordered the translation to be destroyed. Some passages accidentally preserved, seem to prove that the work would have been a valuable a ddition to the literature of France. Hénault is introduced contemptuously in the third canto of Boileau's Lutrin, but Boileau is not always just.—J. A., D.
HENDERSON, Rev. Alexander, an eminent Scottish clergyman, who took a prominent part in ecclesiastical affairs during the troublous times of the great civil war. He was born in the parish of Creich in Fife in 1583, and was a cadet of the Hendersons of Fordel. He was educated at St. Andrews, where his ability gained for him the chair of philosophy and rhetoric. About the year 1612 or 1613 he was presented to the parish of Leuchars. Henderson was a strenuous supporter of the episcopal innovations, and his settlement at Leuchars was so unpopular, that on the day of his ordination, the doors of the church having been nailed up by the people, the presbytery were obliged to force an entrance by the window. An entire change soon took place in his principles, through the preaching of Robert Bruce of Kinnaird. From the period of his conversion until 1637 Henderson lived in retirement, diligently prosecuting his theological studies, and faithfully discharging the duties of his office. When the ecclesiastical innovations of Charles I. and Laud, however (see Charles I.), excited a fierce tumult in Edinburgh, he stood forward as one of the leaders of the popular movement. He, with the assistance of Johnston of Warriston, prepared the "bond" for the renewal of the national covenant, signed in March, 1638. He was chosen moderator of the memorable general assembly held in Glasgow in November, 1638, and by his firmness and sagacity contributed greatly to the success of its proceedings. Mr. Henderson was soon after, 10th January, 1639, translated, much against his will, to Greyfriars church, and subsequently to
