ment of the reign of Henry VII. Before his death he wrote the greater part of another volume, as far as the accession of Edward VI., and this volume was published in 1793 by Mr. Malcolm Laing, who completed it and contributed an appendix. The earlier portions of the work were severely criticised, especially by Gilbert Stuart, who in many of his strictures was unjustly acrimonious. The "History" was well received by the public, and it has been several times reprinted in twelve octavo volumes. Dr. Henry was the translator of Goguet's Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, 1775.—B. H. C.
HENRY the Minstrel. See Harry, Blind.
HENRYSOUN, Robert, an old Scottish poet who flourished during the fifteenth century. Scarcely anything is known of the life of this delightful writer except the fact that he was chief schoolmaster of Dunfermline; probably the preceptor of youth in the Benedictine convent of that place. He appears to have been born during the reign of James II., and to have lived to an advanced age. The principal work of Henrysoun is the "Testament of Creseide," intended to complete Chaucer's poem of Troilus and Creseide, and to remedy its defects as a story. His poems entitled "The Abbey Walk;" "The Praise of Age;" and "The Reasoning between Death and Men," are pervaded by a fine moral strain, and a tone of solemn and impressive thought. "Robene and Makyne," one of the most beautiful of Henrysoun's productions, is the earliest specimen of pastoral poetry in the Scottish language. He wrote also a series of fables. Henrysoun excelled in power and vividness of description, in pathos and sweetness, and in the variety and beauty of his pictures of natural scenery, as well as in quiet and playful humour, and in fine natural taste. The "Creseide" and "Robene and Makyne" have been published by the Bannatyne Club; and the "Moral Fables" by the Maitland Club.—J. T.
* HENSEL, Wilhelm, German historical and portrait-painter, was born July 6, 1794, at Trebbin in Prussia; went to Berlin at the age of sixteen, studied as an engineer, and served in the army from 1813 to 1815. Whilst at Paris he availed himself of the opportunity of renewing his art studies; and on the return of peace, resolved to devote himself to painting as a profession, having first given vent to his patriotic feelings in a volume of poetry, published in conjunction with W. Müller. In 1825 he went to Italy. The work by which Hensel acquired position as a historical painter was "Christ before Pilate," and that and subsequent works placed him among the foremost painters of the Prussian capital. Herr Hensel has held for some years the rank of court-painter; is a knight of the red eagle; and professor in the Berlin Academy. He is perhaps most widely known by his numerous portraits.—J. T—e.
HEPBURN, James, fourth earl of Bothwell, who was born about 1536, was a villain of the deepest dye. He inherited immense family estates, including Hermitage castle, Liddesdale, Bothwell, and other ancient possessions of the Douglases; but t hey were greatly embarrassed, and he was ready to adopt the most desperate enterprises to repair his dilapidated fortunes. Though a professed adherent of the protestant party, he joined the queen-regent against the Congregation and did her good service. He waited on Queen Mary in France and was received with favour; but after her return to Scotland, he suffered temporary imprisonment for his share in a conspiracy to seize the queen's person, and to take violent possession of the government, he had subsequently to leave the kingdom for an attempt to assassinate the earl of Moray. When the queen and her brother quarreled in consequence of her marriage with Darnley, Bothwell, the "enemy of all honest men," as he was termed, was recalled and received into favour. He was shortly after appointed warden of the marches, restored to his hereditary office of lord high-admiral, and enriched with extensive grants of crown land. His influence at court speedily became paramount; and all favours and preferments passed through his hands. In the autumn of 1566 he was sent to suppress some disturbances in Liddesdale, and was severely wounded. Mary, rode from Jedburgh to Hermitage castle to pay him a visit, and it is supposed that Bothwell's plot for the murder of Darnley had its origin about this time. It is certain that, in December following, the "band" for the destruction of the king was signed by Bothwell and his associates. This flagitious plot was carried into effect on the 9th February, 1567.—(See Darnley.) Public rumour immediately pointed to Bothwell as the murderer of the ill-fated prince, and he was denounced by name in public placards; but he continued as much as ever in favour with the queen, and was for some time the only one of her nobles who had access to her presence. She conferred upon him, with other marks of her confidence, the command of Edinburgh castle. His mock trial for the murder of Darnley, and acquittal; his obtaining from the leading nobility a bond, recommending him as a suitable husband for the queen; his collusive seizure of her person; his divorce from his countess, Lady Jean Gordon; his elevation to the rank of duke of Orkney and Shetland; his marriage to Mary, followed by coarse and brutal treatment of the ill-fated princess; the confederacy of the nobles against this bold bad man; his flight to Dunbar; his march to Carberry hill to meet the confederate barons; and his final separation there from the queen—succeeded each other with startling rapidity. After skulking about for some time, he fled to Orkney and turned pirate. Kirkaldy of Grange pursued him with three armed ships, but he escaped to the coast of Norway, where he was seized for piracy and cast into a dungeon, first at Malmoe, and afterwards in the fortress of Draghsolm on the northern coast of Zealand, where he died 14th April, 1578. At an early period of his imprisonment Bothwell wrote a narrative of his adventures, which has been published by the Bannatyne Club, and is throughout a tissue of gross falsehoods.—J. T.
HEPHÆSTION, the son of Amyntor of Pella, a fellow-townsman and favourite of Alexander the Great. The first we hear of him is that he was with Alexander at Troy; afterwards (332 b.c.) he commanded the fleet which accompanied the army along the Phœnician coast. In 331 b.c. he served as one of the seven officers who formed the royal body-guard, and was wounded at the battle of Arbela. In the ensuing year he was promoted to the command, conjointly with Clitus, of a select troop of cavalry. After this he served with much distinction in Bactria, Sogdiana, and especially in India. He commanded the main body of the army, either singly or with Craterus, on its march through Gedrosia; and, on his arrival at Susa, was rewarded with a golden crown and the hand of Drypetis, the daughter of Darius, and sister of Alexander's wife Statira. From Susa he accompanied Alexander to Ecbatana, where he died of a fever (325 b.c.). A general mourning was ordered for him, and his remains, which were removed to Babylon, were deposited on a funeral pile, and a monument was erected to him which is said to have cost ten thousand talents.—E. L—n.
HEPHÆSTION, a Greek grammarian, called by Suidas "a grammarian of Alexandria," flourished about 150. The only work of his which has come down to us is "The Manual of Metres," which is valuable not only as forming the basis of all that has been since written concerning Greek metre, but as containing quotations from a great many Greek authors, and especially from the poets. The best edition of his "Encheiridion" is that of Dr. Gaisford, 1855.—E. L—n.
HERACLEON, a heretic, promulgated the doctrines of Valentinus the Egyptian, who settled in Rome during the pontificate of Hyginus in 140. He wrote commentaries on the Gospels of St. Matthew and St. Luke, and one on St. John is quoted by Origen. Joh. Ernest Grabe has reproduced these in his Spicilegium; and a full account will be found of his principal doctrines in the Dissert. de Heresi Valentinianâ of Joan. Franc. Buddæus, Hal., 1702, 8vo.—E. L—n.
HERACLITUS, the son of Blyson of Ephesus, flourished about 510 b.c. He was a philosopher of what is known as "the Ionian school," although his tenets differed in many respects from theirs. During his youth he devoted himself to study and travel, and upon his return to his native city was offered the chief magistracy. This, however, he declined, on account of the immorality of the citizens, and retired instead to a neighbouring mountain, where he led an ascetic life, and subsisted on the produce of the earth. It is said that Darius invited him to his court, but he refused the invitation in a rude and insulting letter. The style of his writings was so abstruse that he was designated the "Obscure," and his doctrines were set forth by him in a recondite philosophical work, περὶ φύσεως. which, however, has not come down to us, a few fragments of it being all that remain. He deposited his compositions in the temple of Diana for the use of the learned; and Zeno, Hippocrates, and Plato incorporated certain portions of his tenets into their own systems. He believed in fire as the all-creating, all-sustaining principle of the universe. Heraclitus died—as we are told by Diogenes Laërtius—in his native city, at the age of sixty.—E. L—n.
