guages into his vernacular, and thus infused fresh life and vigour into German poetry. See Herder's "Lebensbild," by his son, 6 vols.; "Erinnerungen aus Herder's Leben," edited by F. G. Müller, 1820, 2 vols.; "Characteristik Herder's," by Danz and Gruber.—K. E.
HEREDIA, José Maria, a Spanish poet, born at Santiago de Cuba in 1803, spent his early years in Mexico, but returning to Cuba was admitted an advocate in 1823. In the same year he was banished from the island, on an accusation of having conspired to throw off the dominion of Spain. He spent the next three years in New York, in extreme poverty; but it was here, in 1825, that he gave to the world the first collection of the poems by which he afterwards became famous. In 1826 he went to Mexico, where he rose from a subordinate post to be a judge of the supreme court and a senator of the republic of Mexico. In 1832 he published at Toluca a new and greatly improved edition of his works; and about the same time "Lectures on Universal History," on the basis of Tytler's work, with amplifications in the Spanish and American portions. He died of consumption after his return to Mexico, 6th May, 1839. Heredia's poems include odes "To Poesy;" "To Night;" "To the Greeks in 1821;" "To the Sun." That "To the Ocean" is considered equal to anything in modern poetry; but his poem "To Niagara" is perhaps his finest work.—F. M. W.
HERICOURT, Louis d', a learned lawyer, the most celebrated of the French canonists, was born at Soissons in 1687 of an ancient family of Picardy, and died at Paris in 1752. His principal work was "The Ecclesiastical Laws of France put into their natural order," of which several editions appeared in the author's lifetime, and others after his death.—G. BL.
HERIOT, George, founder of the excellent hospital in Edinburgh which bears his name, was born in 1563. His father was a goldsmith in Edinburgh, who filled several of the most important civic offices, and represented the metropolis in several parliaments. George Heriot the younger was bred to his father's occupation, which was at that time highly lucrative, and was connected with the profession of a banker or moneylender. In 1586 he married Christian Marjoribanks, daughter of a respectable burgess. In 1597 he was appointed jeweller to the queen, and shortly after to the king—her majesty's account to him for a space of two years amounted to nearly £40,000. On the removal of the court to England, Heriot of course followed the fortunes of his royal master. He had now accumulated a large fortune, and chose for his second wife Alison, daughter of James Primrose, clerk to the privy council, and ancestor of the earl of Roseberry. But he was deprived of this lady also by her dying in childbirth in 1612 in her twentieth year. "The loss of his young, beautiful, and amiable partner at a period so interesting," Sir Walter Scott conjectures, was the probable reason which induced Heriot to devote his fortune to a charitable institution. After leaving considerable sums to his various relations, this munificent philanthropist bequeathed the remainder of his large estate to establish an hospital for the gratuitous education of the sons of Edinburgh freemen. The building—a magnificent quadrangle of the Gothic order—is said to have been designed by Inigo Jones in 1628, but was not completed till 1659. It is under the management of the town council and clergy of Edinburgh. So largely have the funds increased, that they not only support and educate most efficiently one hundred and eighty youths annually, but also maintain in the highest state of efficiency a number of schools in different parts of the city. The founder of this noble charity—"Gingling Geordie," as King James termed him—was a great favourite with his majesty. An admirable portrait of him has been drawn by Sir Walter Scott in the Fortunes of Nigel.—J. T.
HERMANN, Johann Gottfried Jakob, an eminent German humanist, was born at Leipsic, November 28, 1772, and originally devoted himself to the study of the law, but soon turned to that of the classical languages. In 1798 he became professor extraordinary, and afterwards professor of eloquence and poetry, in the university of his native town, an office which he held till his death in 1848. He was one of the foremost Greek scholars, and his numerous editions (especially that of Æschylus, edited after his death by Professor Haupt, his son-in-law), as well as his works on ancient metres, on Greek grammar, &c., will secure him a lasting fame; his "Opuscula" will always be admired as models of modern Latin. He became involved in a lengthened and rather acrimonious controversy with Professors Bœckh and Creuzer.—K. E.
HERMANN, Karl Friedrich, a distinguished German philologist, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine in 1804, and devoted himself to classical learning at the universities of Heidelberg and Leipsic. He died at Marburg in 1855.—K. E.
HERMANN, Paul, a German botanist, was born at Halle on 30th June, 1646, and died at Leyden 29th January, 1695. He prosecuted the study of medicine at Leipsic, and graduated as doctor of medicine at the university of Padua. He afterwards went to Batavia as physician to the Dutch company. After spending eight years in the East Indies he returned to Europe, and in 1679 was appointed professor of botany in the university of Leyden. He published many botanical works, among which the following may be noticed:—"Catalogue of Plants in the Leyden Garden;" "Paradisus Batavus," or an account of rare Batavian plants; "Musæum Zeylanicum," or catalogue of the native plants of Ceylon. Linnæus named a genus Hermannia after him. Hermann described many new plants, and was one of the promoters of a correct system of botanical classification.—J. H. B.
HERMANN. See Arminius.
HERMAS, author of the "Pastor," or Shepherd, and who was long thought to be referred to in Rom. xvi. 14. The "Pastor" is mentioned by Irenæus and Clemens Alexandrinus, but Origen first identifies its author with the friend of St. Paul, and thinks it divinely inspired. This opinion was maintained for centuries, and the "Pastor" was often added to the New Testament. Some, however, rejected it, and the decree ascribed to Gelasius declares it apocryphal. Although very popular, the moderns only knew it in a Latin translation which was first published at Paris in 1513 by Jacob Faber. It has since been often printed with the apostolic fathers. A new Latin text from a manuscript found at Rome, was published by Dressel in 1857, with a Greek copy reused by Dr. Tischendorf, from a codex said to have been found by one Simonides in Mount Athos. This Greek text led to a violent controversy, and was generally rejected as a forgery. Dr. Tischendorf himself thought it a mediæval version from the Latin. In 1860 Dr. H. Brockhaus published the "Pastor" in Ethiopic. In 1859 Dr. Tischendorf discovered the codex Sinaiticus, which contains a large part of the Greek scriptures, and portions of the epistle of Barnabas, and of the "Pastor." This represents the text as it existed in the fourth century, and shows the proper value of the text of Simonides, which Dr. Tischendorf now admits to be derived from original sources. Such is the present position of the controversy. The English reader may see a version of the "Pastor" in Wake's Genuine Remains of the Apostolical Fathers. The "Pastor" is a literary curiosity, but not much calculated to instruct and edify.—B. H. C.
HERMELIN, Samuel Gustaf, Baron, a Swedish geographer and mineralogist, was born at Stockholm on the 4th of April, 1744, and educated at the university of Upsal. At an early age he entered the Swedish mining service, in which he rose to high rank. Being desirous of studying the methods of working mines employed in other countries, with the view of introducing improvements into his own, he obtained from the government a three years' leave of absence, during which he visited Germany, the Netherlands, France, and the United States of America, and returned through England in 1784. He afterwards travelled over a great portion of Sweden, for the purpose of exploring the mineralogical resources of the country and improving mining operations. In an attempt to work the rich iron ore of an immense tract of land which he purchased on the borders of Lapland, he lost a large fortune bequeathed to him by his father; and his general atlas of Sweden, on which he had been engaged for fifteen years, and for which careful trigonometrical surveys, as well as geological and statistical researches, had been made at his expense, had to be given up t o a society which took the name of Geographical Institute, and by whose labours it was ultimately completed before his death. In 1815, after fifty years' service. Baron Hermelin retired from office on his full salary, to which was added in 1818 a pension of 1000 rix-dollars. He died on the 4th of March, 1820.—R.
HERMES, Georg, was born in Westphalia in 1775, and founded a philosophico-dogmatic school, which was called after him. He studied at Münster, and in 1798 became professor there. His attention to mathematical studies, and to the writings of Kant, had already proved his ability. In 1799 he took orders
