of the New Academy of Seville, Murillo being the president. But Herrera became so jealous of Murillo that he left Seville shortly afterwards and settled in Madrid. He painted the "Legend of St. Hermengild" for the barefooted carmelites, and established his reputation. He was commissioned by Philip IV. to paint the dome of the chapel of Our Lady of Atocha, where he executed in fresco the "Assumption of the Virgin." The king appointed him his painter. He died at Madrid in 1685 partly through chagrin, it is said, because Coello obtained the appointment of painter to the king, Charles II. His temper, as well as his style, was much like that of his father.—R. N. W.
HERRERA Y TORDESILLAS, Antonio de, a Spanish historian, was born probably in 1549. He was at an early age secretary to the viceroy of Naples, and afterwards chief historiographer of the Indies, and one of the historiographers of Spain, under Philip II., Philip III., and Philip IV. As a historian of American events, Herrera gives the most full, impartial, and graphic accounts of the period he undertakes to describe. His great work is entitled "Historia General de los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme del Mar Océano," Madrid, 1601-15. There is an edition revised by A. Gonzalez, with a continuation, Madrid, 1730. The work is divided into decades, and extends over the period between 1472 and 1554. Herrera's other works are tinged with the passions of his time. He died in 1625, at an advanced age.—F. M. W.
HERRICK, Robert, an English lyrical poet, was born in Cheapside, London, in 1591, where his father carried on the trade of goldsmith. He graduated at Cambridge, was befriended by the earl of Exeter, who, some time after he had been ordained, procured him from the king the vicarage of Dean-Prior in Devonshire in 1629. In this happy retreat Herrick devoted himself to the delights of the country, the cultivation of letters, the writing of poetry, and, it must be confessed, the full enjoyments of life. And so the civil war found him little suited for the stern puritans; and he was accordingly dismissed, in 1648, from a cure of souls of whom he took little care, viewing them as a churlish race, rude "almost as salvages." He now turned his steps to the capital, and found society more congenial to his tastes. When Cromwell divested him of his clerical emoluments, Herrick divested himself of his clerical title, and, styling himself esquire, he became an author. But better days were in store for him; and the fortune that restored his crown to Charles II., restored Dean-Prior to Herrick. Thenceforward he lived at his parsonage, a wiser and a better man, and, if we may credit his later verses, repentant of the "unbaptized rhymes, writ in my wild, unhallowed times." He lived a celibate to a good old age; the entry of his burial in the parish register being 15th October, 1674. A more delightful lyrist than Robert Herrick can scarcely be found in the range of English poetry. In grace of diction, harmony of numbers, sprightliness of thought, fancy, passion, and feeling, he does not yield to Catullus or Anacreon. Neither in his graver pieces is he deficient in fine moral pathos, which redeems many a fault of his more sportive hours On the whole, his writings present much that is worthy of high praise; not a little that is deserving of grave censure. In 1648 appeared "Hesperides; or the works both humane and divine of Robert Herrick." His other compositions are contained in the "Noble Numbers, or pious pieces," 1647.—J. F. W.
* HERRICK-SCHÆFFER, Th. A., a distinguished entomologist, was born at Ratisbon in 1799. His father was an eminent physician of that town, and young Herrick-Schæffer commenced, under his immediate superintendence, the studies of medicine and natural history. In 1821 he received the degree of M.D., and in 1824 became attached to the tribunal of Ratisbon. His attention has been chiefly devoted to entomology, and he has enriched that study with some excellent works upon European Lepidoptera. His principal work is the continuation of Hubner's History of the Lepidoptera of Europe.—W. B—d.
HERRING, Thomas, was born in the year 1691 at Walsoken in Norfolk, of which parish his father had the living. He was educated at Jesus college, Cambridge. In 1716 he was presented to a fellowship in Corpus Christi college, Cambridge. In 1722 he became private chaplain to Fleetwood, bishop of Ely. In 1726 he was appointed Lincoln's inn preacher, and almost concurrently he took the degree of D.D., and was made royal chaplain. From this point Herring's progress was peculiarly rapid. In 1731 he obtained the rectory of Bletchingley in Surrey, and the deanery of Rochester. In 1737 he was consecrated bishop of Bangor, and in 1743 he was advanced to the see of York. In the rebellion of 1745 the archbishop distinguished himself by his zealous and patriotic exertions on behalf of the sovereign to whose favour he had probably owed so much. By his influence and example a subscription was set on foot throughout the kingdom to assist the house of Hanover in the suppression of the jacobite insurrection; and the result was that in Yorkshire alone £40,000 were raised for that purpose. In consideration of these important and valuable services. Dr. Herring was on the next occurrence of a vacancy in the primacy translated to Canterbury in 1747. He died at Croydon on the 13th March, 1757, and was interred in the local church. Seven sermons delivered by this amiable and accomplished prelate on occasions were printed in 1763, and a few years later (1777) his correspondence with William Duncombe, Esq. (1728-57), was published with notes and an appendix.—W. C. H.
HERSCHEL, Caroline Lucretia, the sister of Sir W Herschel, was born at Hanover on the 16th March, 1750. In 1772 she came to England. She assisted her brother in his astronomical observations at Datchet and Slough, reading the clocks, recording his observations, and performing the numerous calculations which he required. With a small Newtonian telescope, constructed for her use, she discovered seven new comets, of five of which she was the first discoverer. These observations were made between August 1, 1786, and August 6, 1797. In 1798 she published a "Catalogue of (561) stars from Flamstead's Observations, contained in the Historia Cælestis, but not inserted in the British Catalogue." This work was published at the expense of the Royal Society. After Sir William's death in 1822 Miss Herschel went to Hanover, where she continued to pursue her astronomical studies, and in 1828 she completed a catalogue of the nebulæ and clusters of stars observed by her brother, in consideration of which the Astronomical Society adjudged to her their gold medal, and voted her an honorary member of the society. She died at Hanover on the 9th January, 1848, in the ninety-eighth year of her age.—D. B.
HERSCHEL, John Frederick William, the only son of Sir William, and a distinguished astronomer and natural philosopher, was born at Slough in the year 1792. After being educated privately under Mr. Rogers, an eminent Scottish mathematician, he went to St. John's college, Cambridge, where he took his degree of B.A. in 1813, and was senior wrangler and Smith's prizeman. During his father's life he was chiefly occupied with mathematics, chemistry, and natural philosophy; and when he was hardly twenty years of age, he published in 1813 a work entitled "A Collection of Examples of the Application of the Calculus to Finite Differences." In 1819 he published in the Edinburgh Philosophical Journal his interesting researches on the "Hyposulphurous Acid and its Salts," vol. i., p. 8; vol. ii. p. 154; and in the following year, in the same journal, a paper "On the Theory and Summation of Series," vol. ii., p. 23. His first optical paper was on the "Optical Phenomena of Mother of Pearl," vol. ii., p. 114. In 1820 he communicated to the Cambridge Philosophical Society his important discovery that the two kinds of rotatory polarization in rock crystal were related to the plagiedral faces of that mineral, and soon afterwards his ingenious paper "On Certain remarkable instances of deviation from Newton's tints in the Polarized Tints of Uniaxal Crystals,"—(Cambridge Trans., vol. vii.) In 1822 he communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh a paper on the absorption of light by coloured media, in which he gave a new method of measuring the dispersion of transparent bodies by stopping the green, yellow, and most refrangible red rays, and thus rendering visible the rays situated rigorously at the extremities of the spectrum.—(Edinburgh Trans., vol. ix., p. 458.) In March, 1821, Mr. Herschel, in conjunction with Sir James South, commenced a series of observations on the distances and positions of three hundred and eighty double and triple stars by means of two fine achromatic telescopes of five and seven feet focal length. They were continued during 1822 and 1823, and form a large quarto volume which constitutes Part III. of the Philosophical Transactions for 1824. Having devoted much attention to the science of optics, and particularly to the double refraction and polarization of light, he drew up for the Encyclopædia Metropolitana in 1831 the treatise on light, which has been translated into French by M. Quetelet, and is one of the most valuable works on that important subject. Astronomy, however, had a higher claim upon his genius, and
