his father's trade, but eventually was allowed to learn engraving; and, guided by Solomon Gesner and H. Wurst, he began to paint also, and soon made remarkable progress. He completed his studies in Rome. He painted the scenery of the Alps, the lakes of Italy and Switzerland, &c., with great fidelity and in a manly unaffected manner, but without much feeling for colour or atmospheric effect. Nagler gives a list of thirty etchings and forty-eight aquatint plates by him. He died in 1800.—J. T—e.
* HESS, Peter, a celebrated painter of battle-pieces, and elder brother of Heinrich Hess, was born at Düsseldorf, July 29, 1792. He studied under his father, and in the Munich academy, and then served in the Bavarian army during the campaign of 1813-15. He holds a high position among the artists of that city. The battle of Leipsic, painted for King Maximilian-Joseph, is one of his largest and best-known pictures. A selection from his designs has been lithographed by F. Hohe.—J. T—e.
* HESSE, Adolphe Friedrich, an organist of continental repute, was born at Breslau, 30th August, 1809. He made an artistic tour through Saxony in 1818, and another in which he visited Hamburg, Berlin, and Cassel, in 1828 and 1829. In 1831 Hesse was appointed organist of the principal church in Breslau; since then he has made several tours to display his skill on his instrument, in one of which he visited Paris with great success, returning whence he played in competition with Haupt at Berlin, whose less acknowledged, but more sterling talent as an organist, gained him the precedence over his popular rival. Hesse has published an oratorio called "Tobias," a psalm, three symphonies, and many compositions for the organ.—G. A. M.
HESSUS EOBANUS. See Eobanus.
HEUMANN, Christoph August, was born at Altstädt in Thuringia. He was sent to school at Zeitz in 1697, but had to support himself by giving lessons and as a chorister. In 1699 he entered the university of Jena, where he greatly distinguished himself. In 1705 he travelled in Germany and Holland. Returning to Jena he prosecuted his studies with fresh ardour; and in 1709 accepted an appointment in the gymnasium at Eisenach, which he exchanged in 1717 for the post of rector of the school at Göttingen. In 1728 he took his degree of D.D. at Helmstadt; and in 1734 received an appointment as professor of literary history and of theology at Göttingen. He died May 1, 1763. His writings are numerous and diversified, on classical, bibliographical, historical, and theological topics. In 1748 he published a German translation of the New Testament.—B. H. C.
HEVELIUS, HEVEL, or HEWELCKE, Johann, an eminent astronomer, born of an honourable family at Dantzic on the 28th January, 1611. After receiving an excellent education, in which the mechanical arts were not neglected, he spent three or four years in visiting the principal countries of Europe, including England. In 1639 he was advised by his old master, Peter Kruger, to devote himself to astronomy, for which he possessed peculiar qualifications. In 1641 he erected an observatory on the top of his house, which he fitted with large telescopes and accurate instruments of observation, chiefly of his own construction. He had also a private printing-press and an artist, for whom, and for the printer, he found constant employment, not only in executing his numerous works, but also in assisting him in his observations, which were continued with little interruption for nearly fifty years. The best of all his assistants was his second wife, Elizabeth Koopmann, who was only sixteen years of age when he married her in 1663. In two plates of his "Machina cælestis," she is represented observing with him at his great sextant. She assisted him with admirable zeal, patience, and dexterity, for ten years, and after his death she edited his posthumous works. His observatory was visited by kings, princes, and scientific men from all countries; and he was placed by Colbert on the list of illustrious foreigners who were pensioned by Louis XIV. In the midst of his astronomical pursuits he did not neglect his civil duties, and was ten times elected consul, or chief magistrate, and six times prætor, or judge, in his native city. In 1679 his observatory and the three contiguous buildings over which it was erected were consumed by a conflagration, which destroyed in a few hours all his most valuable effects, his printing-press, his instruments, the greater part of his manuscripts, and almost the entire edition of the second part of his "Machina cælestis, a volume of one thousand two hundred and eighty-six pages. This great calamity did not repress his astronomical ardour. With the assistance of Louis XIV. he reconstructed his observatory, provided new instruments, and continued his observations till his death on the 28th January, 1687. His principal works were—"Selenographia," Dantzic, 1678; "De nativa Saturni facie," 1656; "Mercurius in sole visus," 1662 (a phenomenon which had not been previously observed by any astronomer but Gassendi; and as the ephemerides of the year differed considerably as to the time of its re-occurrence, Hevelius watched four entire days at his telescope to make sure of the transit, which happened at last on the day indicated by Kepler); "Historia miræ stellæ in collo ceti," 1662; "Prodromus cometicus," 1665; "Cometographia," 1668—dedicated to Louis XIV.; "Machina cælestis;" "Annus climactericus, sive observationum quadragesimus nonus," 1685; "Prodromus astronomiæ," containing his catalogue of stars; and "Uranographia, seu firmamentum Sobescianum"—two posthumous works published by his widow in 1690. Hevelius carried on an extensive correspondence with most of the scientific men of the day, and was dragged into an angry controversy with Hooke, who had challenged the accuracy of some of his methods of observation. He was elected a member of the Royal Society in 1664.—G. BL.
HEWSON, William, a distinguished anatomist and physiologist, was born at Hexham in Northumberland on November 14, 1739, O.S. After serving an apprenticeship to a surgeon at Newcastle, he came to London in 1759, where he lodged with John Hunter, and attended the lectures of William Hunter. Early in 1761, during the absence of John Hunter with the army, the instruction of the other pupils in the dissecting-room was intrusted to Hewson. Whilst pursuing his studies in London he entered at Guy's and St. Thomas' hospitals; he afterwards repaired to Edinburgh, where he remained until the winter of 1762. Returning to London, he entered into partnership as joint-lecturer on anatomy with Dr. Hunter. During the years 1768 and 1769 he presented to the Royal Society three communications on the lymphatic system in oviparous vertebrata. Hewson's election as a fellow, which took place in March, 1770, was followed in the same year by the honour of the Copley medal, awarded to him for the above-mentioned researches. The priority of discovery of the lymphatics in birds, reptiles, and fishes, was claimed from Hewson by Monro Secundus; the merit of first discovery, however, really belongs to Bartholin, whose work on the lacteals appeared in 1652. In the summer of 1770 he married Mary Stevenson, a lady in every respect worthy to be his wife. She was the intimate friend of Franklin, at whose invitation, some years after her husband's death, she settled in America. A temporary misunderstanding having arisen between Hewson and Dr. Hunter, their partnership was dissolved, and the former commenced in 1772 lecturing on his own account. His lectures were highly successful, and he was rapidly acquiring eminence as a practitioner of surgery, when he fell a victim to the effects of a wound received in dissection. He died on May-day, 1774, in the thirty-fifth year of his age. One of his two sons eventually became president of the College of Physicians at Philadelphia. Hewson was a man of estimable character and undoubted ability. As a physiologist he occupies a high rank. He also published a work on the blood.—F. C. W.
HEY, Wilhelm, a German poet, was born at Leina, Saxe-Gotha, in 1790, and died as superintendent at Ichtershausen, near Gotha, May 19, 1854. His fame rests on his celebrated fables for children, which have been illustrated by O. Speckter, and translated into most European languages.—K. E.
HEYDEN, Jan Vander, a distinguished Dutch architectural painter, was born at Gorcum in 1637, and established himself early at Amsterdam. He learnt originally of a glass-painter, and he had a general mechanical skill; he was the inventor of a fire-engine for which he received the acknowledgments of the state in 1672. Vander Heyden has painted many admirable architectural views, distinguished for clearness of atmosphere and effective light and shade, and in which Adrian Vaudevelde painted the figures and other accessories. After the death of Vaudevelde in 1672, Eglon Vanderneer assisted him in his pictures. He was in London and executed some views of its buildings. He died in Amsterdam in 1712.—R. N. W.
HEYDENREICH, Karl Heinrich, a German philosophical writer of the school of Kant, professor at Leipsic from 1789 till 1798, and author of several works distinguished both by erudi-
