land was ordained minister of Colmonell in 1815. In 1816 he removed to the parish of Dailly; and in 1840 was appointed to the chair of theology in the university of Glasgow. Besides editing his father's Lectures (to the later editions of which he prefixed a memoir), he published a manual of "The Practice in the several Judicatories in the Church of Scotland," 1830, which is a standard work on the subject, and has passed through six editions. He died on the 27th of January, 1867.—T.
HILL, Sir John, a singular literary and medical adventurer of last century, the son of a provincial clergyman, was born about 1716. He was brought up as an apothecary, and during his apprenticeship mastered both the theory and practice of botany. Failing in business on his own account he was employed by several noblemen to superintend their botanical gardens; and after various vicissitudes, he became an author by profession, partly executing among many other tasks the first supplement to Ephraim Chambers' well-known Dictionary. Having acquired a more questionable notoriety by the publication (in the London Daily Advertiser) of a series of papers called "The Inspector"—a personal chronicle of scandal and of the world of fashion, into which he had elbowed his way—a threatened rejection of him by the Royal Society provoked him to an onslaught on that body. Sinking as a man and an author, he turned herbalist on a large scale, and revived his fortunes by the sale of vegetable essences and tinctures. During this portion of his career, and partly at the suggestion of Lord Bute, he produced among other works his costly and splendid "Vegetable System," illustrated by no fewer than sixteen hundred plates. The transmission of his botanical publications to the king of Sweden procured him a Swedish order—the only tangible reward he reaped from them, for the "Vegetable System" was pecuniarily a failure—and he accordingly dubbed himself Sir John Hill. He died in 1775. An apologetic biography of him was published at Edinburgh in 1799, entitled A Short Account of the Life, &c., of Sir John Hill. An interesting and impartial chapter of the Quarrels of Authors is devoted to him by the elder Disraeli, who hints that his controversy with the Royal Society improved the character of the Philosophical Transactions.—F. E.
HILL, Joseph, was the son of a puritan preacher at Bromley, near Leeds, and was born there in 1625. He was educated at St. John's, Cambridge. His opinions being those of a nonconformist, he was obliged, in 1660, to quit the university to obviate the impending danger of ejectment, and went up to London, where he remained for a short time, preaching at the church of All-hallows, Barking. He then passed three years at the university of Leyden, and eventually settled at Middelburg as minister of the English church in 1667. After a stay of six years at Middelburg, Mr. Hill returned to England, where he was favourably received by Charles II., and pensioned. His final destination was the pastorate of the English congregation at Rotterdam, which he retained till his death in 1707. Besides a valuable edition of Schrevelius' Lexicon, he has left "Dissertations on the Antiquity of Temples and Churches."—W. C. H.
* HILL, Matthew Davenport, Recorder of Birmingham, is the elder brother of Sir Rowland Hill, the founder of the penny postage. He was born at Birmingham in 1792, and both there and elsewhere participated in the management of the educational institutions in connection with which the Hill family first acquired a reputation. He was called to the bar in 1819, and distinguished himself in the defence of Major Cartwright, tried for political conspiracy. This procured him the intimacy of such leaders of the advanced liberal party as Lord Brougham, with whom he afterwards co-operated in founding the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, and later, of the Society for the Amendment of the Law. After the reform bill Mr. Hill entered the house of commons as member for Hull. He was made recorder of Birmingham when that town obtained a municipal corporation, and in 1851 he was appointed commissioner of bankruptcy to the Bristol district. For many years Mr. Hill's annual charges as recorder of Birmingham have attracted general attention, as elaborate disquisitions, at once philosophical and practical, on the chief social problems of the age, especially those connected with crime and its repression. His views on these and other important points of social economy, are comprised in a volume which he published in 1857 with the title "Suggestions for the Repression of Crime, contained in charges delivered to grand juries at Birmingham, supported by additional facts and arguments." His younger brother, Frederic, was also associated with the early educational efforts of the family, and afterwards called to the bar. Mr. Frederic Hill was appointed in 1835 inspector of prisons in Scotland, and by his energy and zeal effected a very considerable reform in the condition and discipline of those establishments. The year after his appointment he published a work which he had nearly completed before entering on his official duties, "National Education, its present State and Prospects," a very useful and timely manual. "Crime, its Amount, Causes, and Remedies," a valuable work, was published in 1853. Mr. Frederic Hill was, we believe, the first to enunciate the principle that the parent should defray a part at least of the expense entailed on society by the offences of the child, and that so long ago as 1843. Again, in 1848, he published a pamphlet entitled "National Force; Economical Defence of the Country from Inland Tumult and Foreign Aggression." In 1851 Mr. Frederic Hill was appointed assistant-secretary of the General Post-office, a situation in which he still co-operates with his brother Sir Rowland Hill.—F. E.
HILL, Sir Richard, a privy councillor and able diplomatist and statesman in the reigns of William III. and Queen Anne, was born in 1654, the son of Mr. Rowland Hill of Hawkestone, county of Salop. He was educated at St. John's college, Cambridge; and after the revolution he was sent envoy extraordinary to the court of Brussels. He became subsequently paymaster of the king's forces in Flanders, and after the peace one of the lords of the treasury. In 1705 he was sent on a mission to Turin, where he induced the duke of Savoy to join the grand alliance. In the reign of George I. he retired from civil employments, and became fellow of Eton college, which fellowship he retained till his death at Richmond in Surrey in 1727. Much of his large fortune was spent in benefactions, both private and public. His heir and nephew, Rowland Hill, was created a baronet by George I. in acknowledgment of his uncle's services.—R. H.
HILL, Sir Richard—son of Sir Rowland, the first baronet of the family—was born in 1733. He was educated at Westminster school and Magdalen college, Oxford, and distinguished himself in 1768 by publishing "Pietas Oxoniensis," a severe attack on the university authorities for their conduct in expelling six young men from the university on account of their profession of Calvinistic principles. Upon Dr. Nowell the public orator, who replied to this pamphlet, Sir Richard retorted with much vigour and asperity. Deeply imbued with the ideas of the Calvinistic Methodists, Sir Richard undertook their defence against Wesley, Fletcher, and other leaders of the Arminian Methodists. On the death of his father he became member of parliament for the county of Salop, and was a frequent speaker in the house of commons upon religious topics. In reply to Daubeney's Guide, he published in 1798 a vindication of Calvinism under the title of "An Apology for Brotherly Love and for the Doctrines of the Church of England." He died in November, 1808.—R. H.
HILL, Rowland, a preacher of eccentric genius and apostolic zeal, sixth son of Sir Rowland Hill of Hawkstone, was born August 23, 1745. He was remarkable from childhood for a redundant flow of spirits, and even as a boy at Eton was full of wit and humour. Having entered St. John's college, Cambridge, as a gentleman commoner in 1764, he began to distinguish himself by his religious fervour and zeal, adopting what was then considered the eccentric course of preaching in villages, and paying religious visits to prisons and workhouses. Having his family motto—Avancer—upon his seal, he advanced boldly upon the career of a noble though somewhat irregular mission, regardless of the ridicule which it brought upon him, and unmoved even by the mortification and annoyance of his own family. His father reduced his allowance at college to a very small sum, and being even looked upon for some time as a disgrace to his ancient family, he complained "that Hawkstone was now a furnace indeed." But the friendship of men of kindred spirit, such as Berridge and Whitfield, compensated him for these sacrifices, and cheered him on in his self-denying labours. In 1774 he married; and on Trinity Sunday following he was ordained by Dr. Wills, bishop of Bath and Wells. His first charge was at Kingston in Somersetshire, but soon after entering upon it he resumed his course of itinerancy. In 1782, on the 24th of June, he laid the first stone of Surrey chapel, London, and he opened it on the 8th of June in the following year. His name ever after became closely associated with that
