portant of the series did not, however, appear until 1841, when it was published under the title of "A Final Report on the Geology of Massachusetts," 2 vols. royal 4to. In 1844 Dr. Hitchcock was chosen president of Amherst college. He conjoined the general superintendence of the institution with the duties of professor of geology and natural theology. Four years later he published "Fossil Footmarks in the United States." Between 1845 and 1849 Doctor Hitchcock delivered annually a course of "Religious Lectures on the Phenomena of the Seasons." They have since been published. In 1850 he was appointed by the state of Massachusetts agricultural commissioner to visit the principal countries of Europe, with the view of ascertaining what had been done by foreign governments to promote the cultivation of the soil. A year later he published his "Report on the Agricultural Schools of Europe." Since this period the works of Dr. Hitchcock have had a close connection with the subjects discussed in the lectures, delivered by him at Amherst in his double capacity of professor of geology and natural theology, treating as most of them do of the mutual relations of these two departments of human knowledge. In 1851 he published the most popular of all his works, "The Religion of Geology and its Connected Sciences." This work has been frequently republished, several editions having appeared in this country. It was followed in 1853 by "Outlines of the Geology of the Globe, and of the United States in particular;" in 1857 by "Religious Truth illustrated from Science;" and in 1855 by an "Introduction to a New Edition of the Plurality of Worlds." All these works are marked by great ingenuity of thought, and are written in a graceful and attractive style. They enjoy a well-deserved popularity.—G. B—y.
* HITTORFF, Jacques Ignace, an eminent architect and archæologist of France, was born at Cologne in 1792. Devoted by his father from boyhood to the profession, he was from the first most carefully trained in the constructive, as well as the artistic branches of architecture. He was in 1810 sent to Paris, and placed in the office of M. Bélanger, and entered as a pupil in the school of architecture, where he carried off several medals. In 1814 he was appointed surveyor of the royal buildings; and, on the death of Bélanger in 1818, succeeded him conjointly with M, Lecomte as architect to the king. In their official capacity these architects were employed on many important works; and, among others, designed and arranged the ceremonials. A great part of the years 1820-24, M. Hittorff spent in professional tours in England, Germany, and Italy, the last twelve months being devoted to an exploration of the antiquities of Sicily, in which he was assisted by two young German architects, Herren Zanth and Stier. Of his Sicilian studies he, in conjunction with Herr Zanth, published an account—"Architecture antique de la Sicile," and "Architecture moderne de la Sicile," 3 vols., 8vo, 1826-30, illustrated together with above two hundred folio plates. The revolution of 1830 only for a brief space checked M. Hittorff's career; when, being one of the architects selected for carrying out the proposed improvements of Paris, he found an ample field of labour. His great work of the Louis Philippe period was the church of St. Vincent-de-Paul, one of the largest, most costly, and most richly decorated churches of recent erection. Under the republic, 1848-51, M. Hittorff's chief work was the Mairie of the twelfth arrondissement. The accession of Napoleon III. brought more magnificent opportunities. Since 1851 he has been engaged in the vast arrangements of the Bois de Boulogne, of the Place de l'Etoile, and of the Avenue de l'Imperatrice; the erection of the Cirque Napoleon; the Ecole-communale; and, jointly with other architects, the Hôtel de Louvre, and other works in the immediate vicinity of that vast edifice. But, besides these extensive labours, M. Hittorff has found time to write some valuable books and papers, especially on architectural polychromy, on which subject he is regarded as one of the first authorities in Europe. His views on this subject are embodied in his "Restitutions du Temple d'Empédocle à Selinente, ou l'Architecture polychrôme chez les Grecs;" Par. 4to, with folio atlas of plates, 1851. M. Hittorff was elected member of the Academie des Beaux-Arts in 1853; is an officer of the legion of honour; and one of the few foreigners to whom the gold medal of the Royal Institute of British architects has been awarded.—J. T—e.
* HITZIG, Ferdinand, was born June 23, 1807, at Haningen in the grand duchy of Baden. He has been for a number of years professor Zurich. In 1838 he published a new translation and exposition of Isaiah, which was followed by similar works on the Psalms, Minor Prophets, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Daniel. He has also written on the primitive history and mythology of the Philistines, and on the monumental inscription of Darius at Nakshi Rustam. His latest publication was, we believe, a discourse at the jubilee of the Zurich high school in 1858. The works of Hitzig contain some valuable criticisms, but have few admirers among us, in consequence of his rationalism and want of reverence.—B. H. C.
* HJORT, Peder, the son of Victor Christian Hjort, was born July 19th, 1793. He is eminent as a Danish critic and philological writer. In 1818 he was made Ph.D. of Halle. In 1822 he became lecturer on the German language and literature at Soroe. In 1840 he was knighted. Since 1849 he has lived at Copenhagen as a private literary man. His works are numerous on subjects connected with the Danish, German, and English languages, and primary instruction. In 1823 he published a German work on John Scotus Erigena.—B. H. C.
HOADLEY, Benjamin, successively bishop of Bangor, Hereford, Salisbury, and Winchester, chiefly remembered as the originator of the once-celebrated Bangorian controversy, was the son of a scholastic clergyman, and born at Westerham in Kent in the November of 1676. He received his later education at Catherine hall, Cambridge, of which he became fellow and tutor. Taking holy orders and marrying, he was appointed lecturer of St. Mildred in the Poultry, and rector of St. Peter-le-Poor, Broad Street. He soon began to make, as a controversialist, a sensation, which he seems to have failed in producing as a preacher pure and simple. He engaged in controversies with Calamy on the reasonableness of conformity to the church, and with Atterbury on the foundations of moral virtue, and on the doctrine of non-resistance. But it was his sermons and writings enforcing the subordination of the church to the civil magistrate that first made him famous; and so prominent did his advocacy of his politico-ecclesiastical theories become, that in 1709 the house of commons formally thanked him for his zeal, and recommended him to Queen Anne for preferment—a recommendation neglected by that sovereign, who had no sympathy with Hoadley's opinions. After the accession of George I., however, he was made bishop of Bangor; hence the "Bangorian controversy," aroused by a sermon which he preached in the March of 1717 on the nature of the kingdom of Christ, founded on the text, "My kingdom is not of this world." Hoadley's views were diametrically opposite to those known now as high-church, and his discourse created a long controversy, signally productive of sermons, and treatises, and pamphlets, on one side and the other. While an anti-high-churchman in ecclesiastical politics, Hoadley was in theology, moreover, the very reverse of what is called now-a-days a low-churchman—his writings on prayer and on the eucharist evincing sentiments closely verging on those of the modern unitarians. In this connection it is worth adding, that Hoadley furnished for the collective edition of the works of Dr. Samuel Clarke, the Arian, an account of the life and writings of their author. The sermon which produced the Bangorian controversy had an important practical result. The lower house of convocation drew up a representation condemning Hoadley's views; but before it reached the upper house the assembly was prorogued by special order, and has since been debarred from transacting any but formal business—a restriction which, in our own day, attempts have been and are being made to abolish. Hoadley died in his eighty-sixth year, in the April of 1761, having been bishop of Winchester for more than a quarter of a century. His works were published in three large folio volumes in 1773, edited by his son. Dr. John Hoadley, who enlarged and prefixed to them a life of his father, which he had previously contributed to the Biographia Britannica.—F. E.
HOADLEY, Benjamin, physician and dramatist, was the eldest son of the bishop of that name, and born in London on the 10th of February, 1706. He studied at Benet college, Cambridge, where he was a successful student of science under Sanderson, and graduated M.D. Dr. Samuel Clarke addressed to him when he was only twenty the letter on the controversy respecting the proportion of velocity and force in bodies in motion. He was physician to the households both of George II. and Frederick prince of Wales. He died in 1757. He published some medical and scientific tracts, but is better remembered as the author of the comedy of the "Suspicious Husband," first acted in 1747, which long kept possession of the stage,
